WASHINGTON - The US Congress early on March 23 overwhelmingly passed a US$1.2 trillion (S$1.62 trillion) budget bill, keeping the government funded through a fiscal year that began six months ago and sending it to President Joe Biden to sign into law and avert a partial shutdown.

The vote on passage was 74-24.

Key federal agencies including the departments of Homeland Security, Justice, State and Treasury, which houses the Internal Revenue Service, will remain funded through Sept 30 after the bill was passed in the Democratic-majority Senate.

But the measure did not include funding for mostly military aid to Ukraine, Taiwan or Israel, which are included in a different Senate-passed bill that the Republican-led House of Representatives has ignored.

The business community welcomed the passage of the spending bill and committed to continue working with policymakers to advance legislation that would enhance tax breaks for businesses and low-income families.

“A fully operational US government provides important stability for American businesses, workers and families,” Business Roundtable chief executive Joshua Bolten said in a statement. “We look forward to continuing to work with Members of Congress to advance sound policies, including the Tax Relief for American Families and Workers Act.”

Senate leaders spent hours on March 22 negotiating a number of amendments to the budget bill that ultimately were defeated. The delay pushed passage beyond a March 22 midnight deadline.

But the White House Office of Management and Budget issued a statement saying agencies would not be ordered to shut, expressing confidence that the Senate would promptly pass the bill, which it did.

While Congress got the job done, deep partisan divides were on display again, as well as bitter disagreement within the House’s narrow and fractious Republican majority. Conservative firebrand Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene threatened to force a vote to remove Speaker Mike Johnson, a fellow Republican, for allowing the measure to pass.

The 1,012-page bill provides $886 billion in funding for the Defence Department, including a raise for US troops. Mr Biden, a Democrat, has indicated he will sign it.

Mr Johnson, as he has done more than 60 times since succeeding his ousted predecessor Kevin McCarthy in October 2023, relied on a parliamentary manoeuvre on March 22 to bypass hardliners within his own party, allowing the measure to pass by a 286-134 vote that had substantially more Democratic support than Republican.

For most of the past six months, the government was funded with four short-term stopgap measures, a sign of the repeated brinkmanship that ratings agencies have warned could hurt the creditworthiness of a federal government that has nearly $34.6 trillion in debt.

“This legislation is truly a national security bill – 70 per cent of the funding in this package is for our national defence, including investments that strengthen our military readiness and industrial base, provide pay and benefit increases for our brave servicemembers and support our closest allies,” said Republican Senator Susan Collins, one of the main negotiators.

Opponents cast the bill as too expensive.

“It’s reckless. It leads to inflation. It’s a direct vote to steal your paycheck,” said Senator Rand Paul, part of a band of Republicans who generally oppose most spending bills.

The last partial federal government shutdown occurred during Mr Donald Trump’s presidency, from Dec 22, 2018 until Jan 25, 2019. The record-long interruption in government services came as the Republican insisted on money to build a wall along the US border with Mexico and was unable to broker a deal with Democrats.

The new budget bill passed the House with 185 Democratic and 101 Republican votes, which led Ms Greene, a hardline conservative, to introduce her measure to oust Mr Johnson.

That move had echoes of October 2023, when a small band of hardliners engineered a vote that removed Mr McCarthy for relying on Democrats to pass a stopgap measure to avert another partial government shutdown. They had been angry at Mr McCarthy since June 2023, when he agreed with Mr Biden on the outlines of the fiscal 2024 spending that were passed on March 22.

Mr McCarthy’s ouster brought the House to a halt for three weeks as Republicans struggled to agree on a new leader, an experience many in the party said they did not want to repeat as the November election draws nearer.

And Ms Greene said she would not push for an immediate vote on her move to force Mr Johnson out.

“I filed a motion to vacate today. But it’s more of a warning than a pink slip,” the Georgia Republican told reporters.

Indeed, some Democrats said on March 22 that they would vote to keep Mr Johnson, if he were to call a vote on a $95 billion security assistance package already approved by the Senate for Ukraine, Israel and Taiwan.

That measure is unlikely to come up anytime soon, as lawmakers will now leave Washington for a two-week break.

Pockets of Republican opposition to more funding for Ukraine have led to fears that Russia could seriously erode Kyiv’s ability to continue defending itself.

Life is unlikely to become easier for Mr Johnson anytime soon, with the looming departure of two members of his caucus - Mr Ken Buck and Mr Mike Gallagher - set to whittle his majority to a mere 217-213 in a month’s time. At that point, Mr Johnson could afford to lose only one vote from his party on any measure that Democrats unite to oppose. REUTERS