Physicians who misuse the "copy-and-paste" feature in patients' electronic health records (EHRs) can face serious consequences, including lost hospital privileges, fines, and malpractice lawsuits.
In California, a locum tenens physician lost her hospital privileges after repeatedly violating the copy-and-paste policy developed at Santa Rosa Memorial Hospital, Santa Rosa, California.
"Her use of copy and paste impaired continuity of care," said Alvin Gore, MD, who was involved in the case as the hospital's director of utilization management.
Gore said the hospital warned the doctor, but she did not change her behavior. He did not identify the physician, citing confidentiality. The case occurred more than 5 years ago. Since then, several physicians have been called onto the carpet for violations of the policy, but no one else has lost privileges, Gore said.
Copy-paste practices can save doctors' time when dealing with cumbersome EHR systems, but they also can lead to redundant, outdated, or inconsistent information that can compromise patient care, experts said.
"EHRs are imperfect, time consuming, and somewhat rigid," said Robert A. Dowling, MD, a practice management consultant for large medical groups. "If physicians can't easily figure out a complex system, they're likely to use a workaround like copy and paste."
Copy-and-paste abuse has also led to fines. A six-member cardiology group in Somerville, New Jersey, paid a $422,000 fine to the federal government to settle copy-and-paste charges, following an investigation by the Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services, according to the Report on Medicare Compliance.
This big settlement, announced in 2016, is a rare case in which physicians were charged with copy-and-paste fraud — intentionally using it to enhance reimbursement.
More commonly, Medicare contractors identify physicians who unintentionally received overpayments through sloppy copy-and-paste practices, according to a coding and documentation auditor who worked for 10 years at a Medicare contractor in Pennsylvania.
Such cases are frequent and are handled confidentially, said the auditor, who asked not to be identified. Practices must return the overpayment, and the physicians involved are "contacted and educated," she said.
Copy and paste can also show up in malpractice lawsuits. In a 2012 survey, 53% of professional liability carriers said they had handled an EHR-related malpractice claim, and 71% of those claims included copy-and-paste use.
One such case, described by CRICO, a malpractice carrier based in Massachusetts, took place in 2012-2013. "A patient developed amiodarone toxicity because the patient's history and medications were copied from a previous note that did not document that the patient was already on the medication," CRICO stated.
"If you do face a malpractice claim, copying and pasting the same note repeatedly makes you look clinically inattentive, even if the copy/pasted material is unrelated to the adverse event," CRICO officials noted in a report.
The Push to Use Copy and Paste
Copy and paste is a great time-saver. One study linked its use to lower burnout rates. However, it can easily introduce errors into the medical record. "This can be a huge problem," Dowling said. "If, for example, you copy forward a previous note that said the patient had blood in their urine '6 days ago', it is immediately inaccurate."
Practices can control use of copy and paste through coding clerks who read the medical records and then educate doctors when problems crop up.
The Pennsylvania auditor, who now works for a large group practice, said the group has very few copy-and-paste problems because of her role. "Not charting responsibly rarely happens because I work very closely with the doctors," she said.
Dowling, however, reports that many physicians continue to overuse copy and paste. He points to a 2022 study which found that, on average, half the clinical note at one health system had been copied and pasted.
One solution might be to sanction physicians for overusing copy and paste, just as they're sometimes penalized for not completing their notes on time with a reduction in income or possible termination.
Practices could periodically audit medical records for excessive copy-paste use. EHR systems like Epic's can indicate how much of a doctor's note has been copied. But Dowling doesn't know of any practices that do this.
"There is little appetite to introduce a new enforcement activity for physicians," he said. "Physicians would see it just as a way to make their lives more difficult than they already are."
Monitoring in Hospitals and Health Systems
Some hospitals and health systems have gone as far as disabling copy-and-paste function in their EHR systems. However, enterprising physicians have found ways around these blocks.
Some institutions have also introduced formal policies, directing doctors on how they can copy and paste, including Banner Health in Arizona, Northwell Health in New York, UConn Health in Connecticut, University of Maryland Medical System, and University of Toledo in Ohio.
Definitions of what is not acceptable vary, but most of these policies oppose copying someone else's notes and direct physicians to indicate the origin of pasted material.
Santa Rosa Memorial's policy is quite specific. It still allows some copy and paste but stipulates that it cannot be used for the chief complaint, the review of systems, the physical examination, and the assessment and plan in the medical record, except when the information can't be obtained directly from the patient. Also, physicians must summarize test results and provide references to other providers' notes.
Gore said he and a physician educator who works with physicians on clinical documentation proposed the policy about a decade ago. When physicians on staff were asked to comment, some said they would be opposed to a complete ban, but they generally agreed that copy and paste was a serious problem that needed to be addressed, he said.
The hospital could have simply adopted guidelines, as opposed to rules with consequences, but "we wanted our policy to have teeth," Gore said.
When violators are identified, Gore says he meets with them confidentially and educates them on proper use of copy and paste. Sometimes, the department head is brought in. Some physicians go on to violate the policy again and have to attend another meeting, he said, but aside from the one case, no one else has been disciplined.
It's unclear how many physicians have faced consequences for misusing copy-paste features — such data aren't tracked, and sanctions are likely to be handled confidentially, as a personnel matter.
Geisinger Health in Pennsylvania regularly monitors copy-and-paste usage and makes it part of physicians' professional evaluations, according to a 2022 presentation by a Geisinger official.
Meanwhile, even when systems don't have specific policies, they may still discipline physicians when copy and paste leads to errors. Scott MacDonald, MD, chief medical information officer at UC Davis Health in Sacramento, California, told Medscape Medical News that copy-and-paste abuse has come up a few times over the years in investigations of clinical errors.
Holding Physicians Accountable
Physicians can be held accountable for copy and paste by Medicare contractors and in malpractice lawsuits, but the most obvious way is at their place of work: A practice, hospital, or health system.
One physician has lost staff privileges, but more typically, coding clerks or colleagues talk to offending physicians and try to educate them on proper use of copy and paste.
Educational outreach, however, is often ineffective, said Robert Hirschtick, MD, a retired teaching physician at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. "The physician may be directed to take an online course," he said. "When they take the course, the goal is to get it done with, rather than to learn something new."
Hirschtick's articles on copy and paste, including one titled, "Sloppy and Paste," have put him at the front lines of the debate. "This is an ethical issue," he told Medscape Medical News. He agrees that some forms of copy and paste are permissible, but in many cases, "it is intellectually dishonest and potentially even plagiarism," he said.
Hirschtick argues that copy-and-paste policies need more teeth. "Tying violations to compensation would be quite effective," he said. "Even if physicians were rarely penalized, just knowing that it could happen to you might be enough. But I haven't heard of anyone doing this."