Washington has accused Moscow of violating an international treaty by using a First World War-era chemical weapon in Ukraine.
The state department said Russia has deployed the choking agent chloropicrin against Ukrainian troops and used riot control agents "as a method of warfare".
According to the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, chloropicrin is an irritant "with characteristics of a tear gas".
It was used by Germany against allied troops during the First World War but has since been banned for military use.
"The use of such chemicals is not an isolated incident and is probably driven by Russian forces' desire to dislodge Ukrainian forces from fortified positions and achieve tactical gains on the battlefield," the state department said in a statement.
The Russian embassy didn't immediately respond to a request for comment.