Steuben is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 1,110 at the 2010 census. The town is named after B…Steuben is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 1,110 at the 2010 census. The town is named after Baron von Steuben, a Prussian general who fought on the American side in the American Revolutionary War.