Brain Tumour Risk in Relation to Mobile Telephone Use: Results of the INTERPHONE International Case-control Study

The INTERPHONE Study Group

Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39(3):675-694.

Conclusion

This is the largest study of the risk of brain tumours in relation to mobile phone use conducted to date and it included substantial numbers of subjects who had used mobile phones for ≥10 years. Overall, no increase in risk of either glioma or meningioma was observed in association with use of mobile phones. There were suggestions of an increased risk of glioma, and much less so meningioma, at the highest exposure levels, for ipsilateral exposures and, for glioma, for tumours in the temporal lobe. However, biases and errors limit the strength of the conclusions we can draw from these analyses and prevent a causal interpretation.

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Supplementary Data
Supplementary data are available at IJE online.

Funding
This work was supported by funding from the European Fifth Framework Program, 'Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources' (contract QLK4-CT-1999901563) and the International Union against Cancer (UICC). The UICC received funds for this purpose from the Mobile Manufacturers' Forum and GSM Association. Provision of funds to the INTERPHONE study investigators via the UICC was governed by agreements that guaranteed INTERPHONE's complete scientific independence. The terms of these agreements are publicly available at https://www.iarc.fr/en/research-groups/RAD/RCAd.html.
The Australian centre was supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (EME Grant 219129) with funds originally derived from mobile phone service licence fees; Bruce Armstrong was supported by a University of Sydney Medical Foundation Program Grant and Julianne Brown by an Australian Postgraduate Award. The Cancer Council NSW and The Cancer Council Victoria provided most of the infrastructure for the project in Australia. The Canada – Montréal study was primarily funded by a grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (project MOP-42525). Additionally, Dr Siemiatycki's research team was partly funded by the Canada Research Chair programme and by the Guzzo-CRS Chair in Environment and Cancer. Dr Parent had a salary award from the Fonds de la recherche en santé du Québec. The other Canadian centres were supported by a university–industry partnership grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the latter including partial support from the Canadian Wireless Telecommunications Association. The CIHR university–industry partnerships program also includes provisions that ensure complete scientific independence of the investigators. D. Krewski is the NSERC/SSHRC/McLaughlin Chair in Population Health Risk Assessment at the University of Ottawa. The Danish centre was supported by the Danish Cancer Society and the Finnish centre by the Emil Aaltonen Foundation and the Academy of Finland. Additional funding for the study in France was provided by l'Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC) (Contrat N°5142) and three network operators (Orange, SFR, Bouygues Télécom). The funds provided by the operators represented 5% of the total cost of the French study and were governed by contracts guaranteeing the complete scientific independence of the investigators. In Germany, additional funds were received from the German Mobile Phone Research Program (Deutsches Mobilfunkforschungsprogramm) of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nuclear Safety, and Nature Protection; the Ministry for the Environment and Traffic of the state of Baden-Württemberg; the Ministry for the Environment of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia; the MAIFOR Program (Mainzer Forschungsforderungsprogramm) of the University of Mainz. The study conducted in Japan was fully funded by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan. In New Zealand, funding was provided by the Health Research Council, Hawkes Bay Medical Research Foundation, the Wellington Medical Research Foundation, the Waikato Medical Research Foundation and the Cancer Society of New Zealand. The Swedish centre was also supported by the Swedish Research Council and the Swedish Cancer Society. Additional funding for the UK North and UK South studies was received from the Mobile Telecommunications, Health and Research (MTHR) program, and the UK North study received funding from the Health and Safety Executive, the Department of Health, the UK Network Operators (O2, Orange, T-Mobile, Vodafone, '3') and the Scottish Executive. The Institute of Cancer Research acknowledges National Health Service (NHS) funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre.

Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Dr Christopher P. Wild (Director, IARC, Lyon, France) for guidance provided to the INTERPHONE Study Group in coming to closure on the final draft of this article. Special thanks are also due to Peter Inskip (NCI, Bethesda, MD, USA) and Jorn Olsen (Danish Epidemiology Science Centre, Aarhus, Denmark and UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA) for their advice to the Study Group in revising working drafts of the article. The authors would like to thank Lesley Richardson (Montreal, Canada—formerly at IARC) for her major role in the coordination of the study and assistance in drafting the present article and Dr Baruch Modan (Israel—deceased) for his assistance and enthusiasm in the design and setting up of this study. James Doughty performed miracles implementing the CAPI in several languages and several versions, assisted by Roger Parslow. We would also like to thank Jan Ivar Martinsen for additional programming work. Liz Findlay contributed a great deal to the development of materials and training of interviewers. We would also like to thank all the research assistants and interviewers in the different study centres for their efforts to ensure that the study was carried out with care and with due consideration for the participants.
The Australian team would like to acknowledge the support given to study design and implementation by Associate Prof. Michael Besser and Prof. Andrew Kaye and the substantial contributions neurosurgery, neuropathology and other clinical staff made to conduct of the study; and to thank the fieldwork staff in Melbourne—Monique Kilkenny, Georgina Marr, Tracey McPhail, Fiona Phillips, Hayley Shaw, Yvonne Torn-Broers; and Sydney—Matthew Carroll, Sally Dunlop, Virginia MacDonald and Elizabeth Willows—and the many interviewers for their hard work, and the NSW and Victorian Cancer Registries for aiding case identification. The Canada – Montreal team acknowledges the diligent work of fieldwork staff including Marie-Claire Goulet, Sylvie Plante, Sally Campbell and the interviewer team. We are grateful to Dr Rafael Glikstein and Dr Geneviève Matte who contributed to the tumour localization efforts. The following hospitals and physicians in Montreal permitted access to their patients: Hôpital Charles-Lemoyne (Dr C. Chaâlala, Dr J. Demers, Dr N. Gauthier, Dr A. Roux). Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Dr M.W. Bojanowski, Dr A. Bouthillier, Dr J.-J. Dufour, Dr R.A. Moumdjian). Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (Dr L.N. Poirier, Dr M. Séguin). Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur (Dr J.-F. Giguère, Dr M.F. Giroux). Jewish General Hospital (Dr M.J. Black, Dr E. Marmor, Dr G. Mohr), Montreal Neurological Institute (Dr R. Del Maestro, Dr A. Olivier, Dr A. Sadikot). The Canada – Ottawa centre gratefully acknowledges the work of the interview team, particularly Lynn Pratt and Daniel Bédard for their leading roles in study coordination; participating clinicians at the Ottawa Hospital included Drs Charles B. Agbi, Brien Benoit, Martin J. Corsten, Vasco F. DaSilva, André Lamothe, Howard J. Lesiuk, William Miller, Paul F. Odell, and David Schramm. The Canada – Vancouver centre wishes to acknowledge the work carried out by Dr Alison Pope, Patricia Nelson, Nelson Ha, Dr Kaushik Bhagat and the interviewer team. The Finnish centre thank Dr J.J. Jääskeläinen (Helsinki University Hospital), Dr S. Valtonen (Turku University Hospital), Prof. J. Koivukangas (Oulu University Hospital), Prof. M. Vapalahti (Kuopio University Hospital), Dr T. Kuurne (Tampere University Hospital) and Prof. R. Sankila (Finnish Cancer Registry). We would like to thank the French fieldwork team, Mary-Pierre Herrscher, Fatima Lamri, Agnès Boidart, Hélène Gire, Juliette Krassilchik, Judith Lenti, Delphine Maillac, Frédérique Sonnet, Flore Taguiev, Julie Frantz, France Castay, Florian Gay, for their excellent work; Prof. Doyon (Paris) and Dr Marc Hermier (Lyon) who were actively involved in the both the development of the methodology for tumour localization and the review of all cases in France; all the hospital services who assisted us in the ascertainment of cases: Lyon – Centre Hospitalier Lyon – Sud (Prof. Dubreuil), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer (Prof. Trouillas, Dr Honnorat, Prof. Confavreux, Dr Achiti, Prof. Fisher, Prof. Vallée, Drs Farsi and Mahla, Prof. Bret, Dr Ricci, Prof. Sindou, Prof. Deruty), Hôpital d'instruction des Armées Desgenettes (Dr Felten), Centre Léon Bérard (Dr Frappaz), Clinique du Tonkin (Dr de Garassus, Dr Brudon); Paris - Hôpital de La Pitié Salpétrière (Profs Fohanno and Cornu, Dr Lopes, Dr Bloch, Dr Capelle, Dr Duffau, Prof. Delattre, Dr Sanson, Prof. Hauw, Prof. Poirier, Dr Marsault), Hôpital Foch (Prof. Visot, Dr Gaillard, Dr Dupuy, Prof. Chabolle), Hôpital Beaujon (Prof. Sterkers, Dr Bouccara), Hôpital Lariboisière (Prof. Georges, Dr Blanquet, Dr Koot, Prof. Tran Ba Huy), Hôpital Ste Anne (Prof. Roux, Dr Turak), Fondation Rothschild (Dr Mouder, Dr Daguet, Dr Piekarski), Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées du Val de Grâce (Prof. Bequet, Prof. Renard, Prof. Desgeorges) Hôpital St Joseph (Dr Gauthier), Centre Hospitalier intercommunal de Poissy-St Germain en Laye (Dr Cambon), Centre Hospitalier Sud-Francilien (Dr Serre), Centre Hospitalier de Meaux (Dr Améri); Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone (Prof. Peragut, Dr Regis), as well as all those in the Departments of Medical Information and all the hospital personnel, particularly the secretaries and the staff in the medical archives, whose assistance proved essential to the success of the project. The German group wish to thank their team members Dr Eva Münster, Marianne Brömmel, Stephanie Estel, Iris Hettinger, Melanie Kaiser, Katharina Kunna-Grass, Klaus Schlaefer, Dr Jürgen Wahrendorf and Anna Wilms and all the interviewers for their skilful work. They thank the clinical Interphone team for their support and collaboration [Bielefeld: Prof Falk Oppel (Neurosurgical clinic), Dr Uwe Dietrich (Neuroradiology), Dr Volkmar Hans (Neuropathology), Heidelberg: Prof. Andreas Unterberg, Prof. Stefan Kunze, Dr Karsten Geletneky (Neurosurgical clinic), Prof. Klaus Sator, Dr Jochen Fiebach (Neuroradiology), Prof. Marika Kiessling (Neuropathology), Mannheim: Prof. Peter Schmiedek, Dr Jochen Tüttenberg (Neurosurgical clinic), Prof. Christoph Groden, Dino Podlesek (Neuroradiology), Prof. Uwe Bleyl, Dr Rainer Grobholz (Neuropathology), Mainz: Prof. Nico Hopf, Dr Dorothee Koch (Neurosurgical clinic), Prof. Wolf Mann, Prof. Nickalaos Marangos (ENT clinic), Dr Wibke Müller-Forell (Neuroradiology), Prof. Hans Hilmar Göbel (Neuropathology)]; dedicated to the memory of Prof. Axel Perneczky (Neurosurgical clinic). The Israeli centre wishes to acknowledge the following neurosurgeons for the help they provided in patients recruitment and ascertainment : Dr Avi Cohen (Soroka University Medical Center), Prof. Moshe Hadani (Chaim Sheba Medical Center), Prof. Zvi Ram (Tel-Aviv Medical Center), Prof. Zvi Harry Rappaport (Rabin Medical Center), Dr Sigmund Rothman (Assaf Harofeh Medical Center), Prof. Felix Umansky (Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center), late Prof. George Vaaknin (Tel-Aviv Medical Center), Dr Uriel Wald (Assuta Hospital) and Prof. Menashe Zaaroor (Rambam Health Care Campus). We are grateful to Dr Chen Hoffmann and Dr Dvora Nass (Chaim Sheba Medical Center) who contributed to tumour localization and the review of cases. We acknowledge the diligent work of the fieldwork and office staff including Etti Aviezer, Tehila Ben-Tal, Meirav Dolev, Yonit Deutch, Tamara Rodkin, Ahuva Zultan and the interviewer team. The Italian team (including Prof. Bruno Jandolo, Prof. Paolo Vecchia, Dr Stefano Martini, Dr Emanuela Rastelli, Dr Antonello Vidiri, Dr Rita Basili, Dr Caterina Carnovale Scalzo, Dr Edvina Galiè, Eng. Lucia Ardoino, Eng. Enrica Barbieri, Dr Cristiano Tesei, Dr Rossella Rossi and Massimo Lucibello) dedicates this article to the memory of Prof. Emanuele Occhipinti, and wishes to thank all the neurosurgeons, ENT-surgeons, neuroradiologists, pathologists and health managers contributing to the study: Prof. Umberto Agrillo, Dr Amalia Allocca, Dr Mostafà Amini, Dr Cinzia Bernardi, Dr M. Bonamini, Dr Loredana Bove, Prof. Luigi Bozzao, Dr Alessandro Bozzao, Dr Mario Braga, Dr Fabrizio Breccia, Dr Velia Bruno, Dr Andrea Brunori, Dr Antonella Buffoni, Prof. Arnaldo Capelli, Prof. Giampaolo Cantore, Prof. Natale Cantucci, Dr Emanuela Caroli, Prof. Cosimo Cassano, Dr Alessandra Castelnuovo, Dr Costanza Cavuto, Prof. Lucia Cecconi, Dr Franco Cerquetani, Dr Carla Colacecchi, Dr Antonio Comberiati, Dr Valeria D'Alfonso, Dr Giovanni De Angelis, Dr Luca de Campora, Prof. Roberto Delfini, Dr Carlo Della Rocca, Prof. Marco De Vincentiis, Dr Domenica Di Stefano, Prof. Stefano Esposito, Prof. Alfredo Fabiano, Dr Francesco Federico, Prof. Luigi Ferrante, Dr Anna Rita Fetoni, Dr Letizia Feudi, Prof. Roberto Filipo, Prof. Roberto Floris, Prof. Felice Giangaspero, Dr Renato Gigli, Dr Marco Giordano, Prof. Gianfranco Gualdi, Prof. G. Guglielmi, Dr Massimo Iachetti, Prof. Giorgio Iannetti, Dr Maria Rosaria Limiti, Prof. Giulio Maira, Dr Valentina Manciocco, Dr Annunziato Mangiola, Dr Ferdinando Marandino, Dr Luisa Marangoni, Prof. Pasquale Marano, Prof. Maria Enrica Martini Neri, Dr Luciano Mastronardi, Dr Arianna Mattioni, Prof. Maurizio Maurizi, Dr Maria Concetta Mazzeo, Dr Giuseppe Natali, Dr Gaetano Nostro, Prof. Antonio Orlacchio, Prof. Augusto Orlandi, Prof. Fabrizio Ottaviani, Dr Salvatore Passafaro, Dr Francesco Saverio Pastore, Dr Laura Pennesi, Dr Claudio Maria Pianura, Prof. Roberto Pisa, Dr Chimene Pistolesi, Prof. Giuseppe Poladas, Dr Siavash Rahimi, Prof. Antonio Ricci, Dr Giovanna Ricci, Dr P. Rigotti, Dr Massimo Rimatori, Dr Rossana Romani, Prof. Giuseppe Santeusanio, Dr Sergio Santilli, Dr Marco Scarpinati, Dr Lauro Sciannamea, Prof. Luigi Sinibaldi, Prof. Giuseppe Spriano, Dr Maurizio Giovanni Vigili, Dr Massimo Volpe. Moreover, the Italian team is grateful to Dr Francesco Forastiere, Daniela D'Ippoliti and Stefania Palange (Epidemiologic Unit ASL RME) for their support in case ascertainment from secondary sources and control selection. The collaboration of the Italian mobile phone network operators in providing traffic data for the exposure validation studies is acknowledged. The New Zealand study team acknowledge the assistance and support of the following: the neurosurgeons and support staff at the neurosurgical units at Auckland Hospital (headed by Mr Edward Mee), Wellington Hospital (headed by Mr Martin Hunn) and Christchurch Hospital (headed by Mr Martin MacFarlane); the staff at the medical record departments at Auckland Hospital, Wellington Hospital and Christchurch Hospital; the staff at the New Zealand Health Information Service and the New Zealand Cancer Registry; Mr Martin Gledhill at the National Radiation Laboratory; and, the regional coordinators for the study, Ms Cara Marshall, Ms Sue Hawkins and Ms Janfrey Doak. The Swedish centre thanks the Swedish Regional Cancer Registries and the hospital staff; especially the following key persons at the hospitals: Dr J. Boethius, Dr O. Flodmark, Prof. I. Langmoen, Dr A. Lilja, Dr T. Mathiesen, Dr I. Olsson Lindblom and Dr H. Stibler (Karolinska University Hospital), Dr J. Lycke, Dr A. Michanek and Prof. L. Pellettieri (Sahlgrenska University Hospital), Prof. T. Möller and Prof. L. Salford (Lund University Hospital), Dr T. Bergenheim, Dr L. Damber, Prof. R. Henriksson and Dr B. Malmer (Umeå University Hospital). Professor Swerdlow's team in the UK South included D. Hogben, A. Butlin, J. Owens, A. Hart, R. Knight, C. Parsley, M. Pelerin, K. Sampson, M. Snigorska and M. Swanwick. The UK South centre thanks Prof. H. Møller, Mr B. Plewa and Mr S. Richards from the Thames Cancer Registry and the following neuropathologists, neurosurgeons, neuro-oncologists, clinical oncologists, neurologists, other health care staff, administrators and secretaries for the help they provided: Mr D.G. Hardy, Mr P.J. Kilpatrick, Mr R. Macfarlane (Addenbrooke's Hospital); Ms M. Cronin, Ms T. Foster, Ms S. Furey, Dr M.G. Glaser, Ms F. Jones, Mr N.D. Mendoza, Prof. E.S. Newlands, Mr K.S. O'Neill, Mr D. Peterson, Ms F. Taylor, Prof. J. van Dellon (Charing Cross Hospital); Dr J.J. Bending (Eastbourne District Hospital); Mr P.R. Bullock, Mr C. Chandler, Mr B. Chitnavis, Mr L. Doey, Mr R.W. Gullan, Prof. C.E. Polkey, Mr R. Selway, Mr M.M. Sharr, Ms L. Smith, Prof. A.J. Strong, Mr N. Thomas (King's College Hospital); Dr G.M. Sadler (Maidstone Hospital); Dr S. Short (Mount Vernon Hospital); Prof. S. Brandner, Mr G. Brookes, Mr A.D. Cheesman, Prof. M.J. Gleeson, Ms J.P. Grieve, Mr W.J. Harkness, Dr R. Kapoor, Mr N.D. Kitchen, Mrs T. Pearce, Mr M.P. Powell, Dr J. Rees, Prof. F. Scaravilli, Prof. D.T. Thomas, Mr L.D. Watkins (National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery); Mr A.R. Aspoas, Mr S. Bavetta, Mr J.C. Benjamin, Mr K.M. David, Mr J.R. Pollock, Dr E. Sims (Oldchurch Hospital); Mrs J. Armstrong, Mr J. Akinwunmi, Mr G. Critchley, Mr L. Gunasekera, Mr C. Hardwidge, Mr J.S. Norris, Dr P.E. Rose, Mr P.H. Walter, Mr P.J. Ward, Dr M. Wilkins (Princess Royal Hospital); Prof. T.Z. Aziz, Prof. D. Kerr, Mr P.J. Teddy (Radcliffe Infirmary); Ms M. Allen, Ms T. Dale, Mr R. Bradford, Dr C. Collis, Prof. A.P. Dhillon, Mr N.L. Dorward, Ms D. Farraday-Browne, Dr D.J. McLaughlin, Mr R.S. Maurice-Williams, Dr K. Pigott, Ms B. Reynolds, Ms C. Shah, Mr C. Shieff, Dr E.M. Wilson (Royal Free Hospital); Mr F. Afshar, Mr H.E. Ellamushi, Prof. P.M. Richardson, Mr H.I. Sabin, Mr J. Wadley (Royal London Hospital); Prof. M. Brada, Dr F.H. Saran, Mrs D. Traish, Mr D. Guerrero (Royal Marsden Hospital); Dr S. Whitaker (Royal Surrey County Hospital); Dr P.N. Plowman (St Bartholomew's Hospital); Mrs Carole Bramwell, Prof. A. Bell, Mr F. Johnston, Mr H. Marsh, Mr A. Martin, Mr P.S. Minhas, Miss A. Moore, Mr S. Stapleton, Dr S. Wilson (St George's Hospital); Dr R.P. Beaney (St Thomas' Hospital). The UK North centre wishes to acknowledge the support of the following neuropathologists, neuroradiologists, neurosurgeons, neuro-oncologists, clinical oncologists, neurologists, specialist nurses and administrators based in hospitals located in Scotland (Mr Barlow, Prof. I. Bone, Ms J. Brown, Mr J. Crowther, Miss R. Dolan, Mr Dunn, Mr M.O. Fitzpatrick, Mrs M. Fraser, Dr R. Grant, Dr A. Gregor, Mr Johnstone, Mr Lyndsay, Mrs S. Macnamara, Miss J. Mair, Mr R. Mills, Miss Myles, Mr B. O'Reilly, Mr V. Papanastassiou, Prof. R. Rampling, Mr Russell, Mr D. Sim, Mr P. Statham, Mr Steers, Mr Taylor, Prof. Teasdale, Prof. I. Whittle), west Midlands (Dr J.M. Anderson, Dr Barbour, Dr C.R. Barraclough, Dr P. Bennett, Dr H.G. Boddie, Mr Brind, Dr Carey, Mr M. Choksey, Mr M. Christie, Dr R.N. Corston, Prof. G.S. Cruickshank, Dr A. Detta, Mr P. Dias, Dr S.J. Ellis, Mr G. Flint, Dr D.A. Francis, Mr A.H. Grubneac, Mr S.P. Harland, Dr C. Hawkins, Dr T. Heafield, Dr R.C. Hughes, Dr D.G. Jamieson, Dr A. Logan, Mr C.H.A. Meyer, Mrs R. Mitchell, Prof. K. Morrison, Dr P. Newman, Dr D. Nicholl, Dr S. Nightingale, Dr H.S. Pall, Mr J.R. Ponsford, Dr A. Shehu, Mr Singh, Dr J.A. Spillane, Mr P. Stanworth, Dr B. Summers, Mr A.R. Walsh, Mr J. Wasserberg, Prof. A.C. Williams, Dr J. Winer, Mr S. Zygmunt), Trent (Dr R.J. Abbott, Ms Sheila Adams, Mr Ashpole, Mr R.D.E. Battersby, Prof. L. Blumhardt, Mr P. Byrne, Miss M. Cartmil, Dr S.C. Coley, Dr P. Critchley, Dr Faraj, Dr A. Gibson, Dr P. Griffiths, Dr R. Grunwald, Dr T.J. Hodgson, Mr D.T. Hope, Dr S. Howell, Dr D. Jefferson, Mr D. Jellinek, Dr N. Jordan, Mr A. Kemeny, Dr M.C. Lawden, Prof. J. Lowe, Dr N. Messios, Ms Kirsty Pardoe, Dr S. Price, Dr I.F. Pye, Mr M. Radatz, Mr I. Robson, Dr K. Robinson, Dr C. Romanowski, Dr G. Sawle, Dr B. Sharrock, Prof. P. Shaw, Dr C. Smith, Dr W. Temperley, Dr G. Venables, Mr B. White, Mr A.M. Whiteley, Dr Wills) and West Yorkshire (Dr Al-Din, Dr D. Ash, Dr J. Bamford, Dr M. Bond, Dr G. Bonsor, Dr L. Bridges, Dr B. Carey, Dr Chakrabarty, Mr P. Chumas, Dr D. Dafalla, Dr H. Ford, Dr Gerrard, Dr Goulding, Dr J. Howe, Dr S. Jamieson, Dr Johnson, Dr Louizou, Mr P. Marks, Dr M. Nelson, Dr S. Omer, Mr N. Phillips, Mr S. Ross, Dr I. Rothwell, Dr H. Spokes, Dr J. Straiton, Mr G. Towns, Mr A. Tyagi, Mr P. Vanhille, Dr M. Busby). The views expressed in the publication are those of the authors and not necessarily of the funders.

Conflicts of interest
The following potential conflict of interests have been declared. The Canadian Wireless Telecommunications Association provide technical support in the Interphone study in Canada by providing access to cellular telephone billing records from Interphone subjects, data on power output levels from base stations, and equipment used by the Ottawa-based research team in measuring power output levels from cellular telephones. CTWA had no involvement with the design or conduct of the Interphone study itself.
Professor Armstrong's travel expenses to give an invited lecture were paid by Australian Centre for Radiofrequency Bioeffects Research, which identifies Telstra Australia as a participating institution. Ms Brown currently owns 426 Telstra shares worth $1452.66 and her husband owns 852 shares worth $2905.32 as of the 10th December 2009.

Cite this: Brain Tumour Risk in Relation to Mobile Telephone Use: Results of the INTERPHONE International Case-control Study - Medscape - Jun 01, 2010.

Table 1. Selected characteristics of meningioma and glioma cases included in the main analyses ^a
Characteristics of the study population	Meningioma n (%)	Glioma n (%)
All interviewed cases	2425 (100)	2765 (100)
Cases included in main analysis^b	2409 (99)	2708 (98)
Cases with histological confirmation	2249 (93)	2659 (98)
Demographic characteristics
Men	572 (24)	1624 (60)
Women	1837 (76)	1084 (40)
Aged 30–39 years at diagnosis	316 (13)	635 (23)
Aged 40–49 years at diagnosis	806 (33)	841 (31)
Aged 50–59 years at diagnosis	1287 (53)	1232 (45)
Distribution by country
Australia	253 (11)	296 (11)
Canada	94 (4)	170 (6)
Denmark	124 (5)	179 (7)
Finland	231 (10)	177 (7)
France	144 (6)	94 (3)
Germany	250 (10)	256 (9)
Israel	350 (15)	180 (7)
Italy	110 (5)	118 (4)
Japan	82 (3)	60 (2)
New Zealand	52 (2)	83 (3)
Norway	143 (6)	154 (6)
Sweden	183 (8)	222 (8)
UK North	173 (7)	421 (16)
UK South	220 (9)	298 (11)

^aThe controls for each case series have the same distributions of characteristics as the cases to which they are matched.
^bExcluded are cases for whom no controls could be found (55 for glioma and 15 for meningioma) and cases in matched sets (two for glioma and one for meningioma), where the regular use status of the case or the control was unknown.

Table 2. ORs between mobile phone use and brain tumours (meningioma and glioma separately) by regular use, time since start of use, cumulative call time and cumulative number of calls—excludes use with hands-free devices
	Meningioma			Glioma
	Cases	Controls	OR^a (95% CI)	Cases	Controls	OR^a (95% CI)
Regular use in the past ≥1 year
No	1147	1174	1.00	1042	1078	1.00
Yes	1262	1488	0.79 (0.68–0.91)	1666	1894	0.81 (0.70–0.94)
Time since start of use (years)
Never regular user	1147	1174	1.00	1042	1078	1.00
1–1.9	178	214	0.90 (0.68–1.18)	156	247	0.62 (0.46–0.81)
2–4	557	675	0.77 (0.65–0.92)	644	725	0.84 (0.70–1.00)
5–9	417	487	0.76 (0.63–0.93)	614	690	0.81 (0.60–0.97)
≥10	110	112	0.83 (0.61–1.14)	252	232	0.98 (0.76–1.26)
Cumulative call time with no hands-free devices (h)^b
Never regular user	1147	1174	1.00	1042	1078	1.00
<5 h	160	197	0.90 (0.69–1.18)	141	197	0.70 (0.52–0.94)
5–12.9	142	159	0.82 (0.61–1.10)	145	198	0.71 (0.53–0.94)
13–30.9	144	194	0.69 (0.52–0.91)	189	179	1.05 (0.79–1.38)
31–60.9	122	145	0.69 (0.51–0.94)	144	196	0.74 (0.55–0.98)
61–114.9	129	162	0.75 (0.55–1.00)	171	193	0.81 (0.61–1.08)
115–199.9	96	155	0.69 (0.50–0.96)	160	194	0.73 (0.54–0.98)
200–359.9	108	133	0.71 (0.51–0.98)	158	194	0.76 (0.57–1.01)
360–734.9	123	133	0.90 (0.66–1.23)	189	205	0.82 (0.62–1.08)
735–1639.9	108	103	0.76 (0.54–1.08)	159	184	0.71 (0.53–0.96)
≥1640	130	107	1.15 (0.81–1.62)	210	154	1.40 (1.03–1.89)
Cumulative number of calls with no hands-free devices (in hundreds)^b
Never regular user	1147	1174	1.00	1042	1078	1.00
<1.5 × 100 calls	159	180	0.95 (0.72–1.27)	147	182	0.74 (0.55–0.99)
1.5–3.4	136	182	0.62 (0.46–0.83)	141	200	0.71 (0.54–0.95)
3.5–7.4	148	176	0.90 (0.68–1.19)	161	201	0.76 (0.58–1.00)
7.5–13.9	143	173	0.80 (0.61–1.07)	174	179	0.90 (0.68–1.20)
14–25.4	122	181	0.60 (0.45–0.81)	180	206	0.78 (0.59–1.02)
25.5–41.4	111	126	0.81 (0.58–1.13)	156	190	0.83 (0.62–1.10)
41.5–67.9	129	146	0.79 (0.58–1.09)	163	194	0.71 (0.53–0.94)
68–127.9	134	126	0.92 (0.67–1.26)	186	200	0.93 (0.70–1.23)
128–269.9	100	100	0.81 (0.57–1.16)	193	180	0.96 (0.72–1.28)
≥270	80	98	0.80 (0.55–1.17)	165	162	0.96 (0.71–1.31)

^aORs adjusted for sex, age, study centre, ethnicity in Israel and education.
^bCategories are based on the deciles of the distribution among all eligible regular user controls (see text).

Table 3. ORs between mobile phone use and brain tumours (meningioma and glioma separately) by cumulative call time, stratified by recency of starting regular use—excludes use with hands-free devices
	Meningioma			Glioma
	Cases	Controls	OR^a (95% CI)	Cases	Controls	OR^a (95% CI)
Cumulative Call time (h)
	Non-regular users
	1147	1174	1.00	1042	1078	1.00
	Short-term users: start of phone use 1–4 years before reference date
<5 h	150	186	0.92 (0.69–1.22)	127	182	0.68 (0.50–0.93)
5–114.9	401	500	0.74 (0.61–0.90)	449	533	0.82 (0.67–0.99)
115–359.9	95	126	0.79 (0.55–1.12)	121	154	0.74 (0.52–1.03)
360–1639.9	67	72	0.77 (0.49–1.20)	80	95	0.75 (0.50–1.13)
≥1640	22	5	4.80 (1.49–15.4)	23	8	3.77 (1.25–11.4)
	Medium-term users: start of phone use 5–9 years before reference date
<5 h	7	9	0.67 (0.23–1.96)	10	13	0.86 (0.32–2.28)
5–114.9	122	145	0.73 (0.54–0.98)	180	208	0.86 (0.66–1.12)
115–359.9	95	140	0.67 (0.48–0.93)	156	192	0.71 (0.53–0.95)
360–1639.9	129	131	0.83 (0.60–1.14)	174	204	0.72 (0.54–0.95)
≥1640	64	62	1.03 (0.65–1.65)	94	73	1.28 (0.84–1.95)
	Long-term users: start of phone use ≥10 years before reference date
<5 h	3	2	1.31 (0.21–8.07)	4	2	1.13 (0.16–7.79)
5–114.9	14	15	0.79 (0.36–1.73)	20	25	0.63 (0.32–1.25)
115–359.9	14	22	0.49 (0.24–1.01)	41	42	0.89 (0.53–1.50)
360–1639.9	35	33	1.00 (0.58–1.72)	94	90	0.91 (0.63–1.31)
≥1640	44	40	0.95 (0.56–1.63)	93	73	1.34 (0.90–2.01)

^aORs adjusted for sex, age, study centre, ethnicity in Israel and education.

Table 4. ORs between mobile phone use and brain tumours (meningioma and glioma separately) by anatomical location of tumour ^a and by regular use, time since start of use, cumulative call time and cumulative number of calls – excludes use with hands-free devices
	Meningioma									Glioma
	Tumour in temporal lobe			Tumour in parietal or frontal lobes			Tumour in other locations			Tumour in temporal lobe			Tumour in parietal or frontal lobes			Tumour in other locations
	Cases	Controls	OR^b (95% CI)	Cases	Controls	OR^b (95% CI)	Cases	Controls	OR^b (95% CI)	Cases	Controls	OR^b (95% CI)	Cases	Controls	OR^b (95% CI)	Cases	Controls	OR^b (95% CI)
Regular use in the past ≥1 year
No	207	218	1.00	520	513	1.00	282	297	1.00	311	339	1.00	551	551	1.00	141	155	1.00
Yes	190	262	0.55 (0.36–0.82)	590	701	0.79 (0.63–0.99)	300	348	0.76 (0.56–1.04)	509	568	0.86 (0.66–1.13)	871	998	0.77 (0.62–0.95)	212	248	0.79 (0.51–1.23)
Time since start of use (years)
Never regular user	207	218	1.00	520	513	1.00	282	297	1.00	311	339	1.00	551	551	1.00	141	155	1.00
1–1.9	27	40	0.60 (0.29–1.27)	82	103	0.70 (0.46–1.06)	44	50	1.12 (0.63–1.99)	51	69	0.87 (0.54–1.41)	74	138	0.45 (0.30–0.70)	23	32	0.67 (0.30–1.47)
2–4	95	145	0.55 (0.34–0.89)	256	283	0.85 (0.65–1.12)	137	163	0.72 (0.50–1.06)	175	211	0.77 (0.55–1.08)	347	386	0.83 (0.64–1.08)	95	95	0.94 (0.57–1.52)
5–9	56	65	0.49 (0.27–0.88)	199	252	0.74 (0.56–1.00)	94	116	0.62 (0.40–0.94)	189	219	0.80 (0.56–1.13)	321	358	0.78 (0.60–1.02)	74	89	0.70 (0.40–1.22)
≥10	12	12	0.60 (0.22–1.62)	53	63	0.76 (0.48–1.20)	25	19	1.02 (0.48–2.16)	94	69	1.36 (0.88–2.11)	129	116	0.92 (0.65–1.30)	20	32	0.41 (0.16–1.08)
Cumulative call time (h)^c
Never regular user	207	218	1.00	520	513	1.00	282	297	1.00	311	339	1.00	551	551	1.00	141	155	1.00
<5 h	23	41	0.49 (0.24–1.01)	72	87	0.88 (0.58–1.33)	43	45	1.13 (0.64–1.99)	45	59	0.67 (0.40–1.13)	70	105	0.65 (0.42–1.01)	20	25	0.87 (0.37–2.04)
5–114.9	89	123	0.59 (0.36–0.97)	260	297	0.76 (0.58–0.98)	120	158	0.64 (0.44–0.93)	191	234	0.88 (0.63–1.21)	326	406	0.72 (0.56–0.93)	99	96	0.85 (0.52–1.38)
115–359.9	24	52	0.28 (0.13–0.59)	90	140	0.71 (0.49–1.03)	48	60	0.75 (0.43–1.31)	95	104	0.84 (0.55–1.28)	178	213	0.70 (0.51–0.96)	34	51	0.70 (0.35–1.40)
360–1639.9	33	32	0.75 (0.36–1.56)	111	118	0.82 (0.57–1.18)	56	59	0.71 (0.42–1.21)	100	124	0.71 (0.47–1.07)	192	189	0.87 (0.64–1.19)	41	58	0.63 (0.30–1.30)
≥1640	21	14	0.94 (0.31–2.86)	57	59	1.08 (0.65–1.80)	33	26	1.05 (0.52–2.14)	78	47	1.87 (1.09–3.22)	105	85	1.25 (0.81–1.91)	18	18	0.91 (0.33–2.51)
Cumulative number of calls (in hundreds)^c
Never regular user	207	218	1.00	520	513	1.00	282	297	1.00	311	339	1.00	551	551	1.00	141	155	1.00
<1.5 × 100 calls	26	35	0.66 (0.32–1.37)	73	87	0.83 (0.54–1.26)	41	39	1.30 (0.72–2.34)	44	54	0.72 (0.42–1.23)	74	95	0.65 (0.42–1.02)	19	25	0.82 (0.34–1.95)
1.5–25.4	85	128	0.57 (0.35–0.94)	262	311	0.77 (0.59–0.99)	127	175	0.64 (0.44–0.92)	191	235	0.83 (0.60–1.15)	334	423	0.69 (0.54–0.89)	106	98	0.91 (0.57–1.47)
25.5–67.9	24	58	0.28 (0.13–0.58)	114	121	0.94 (0.65–1.35)	57	57	0.73 (0.44–1.23)	96	113	0.81 (0.55–1.21)	176	207	0.76 (0.55–1.03)	34	44	0.63 (0.31–1.26)
68–269.9	43	25	0.88 (0.42–1.85)	106	129	0.71 (0.49–1.03)	56	55	0.80 (0.47–1.37)	117	110	1.04 (0.69–1.55)	201	191	0.95 (0.70–1.30)	41	62	0.63 (0.30–1.32)
≥270	12	16	0.51 (0.19–1.38)	35	53	0.74 (0.42–1.31)	19	22	0.87 (0.37–2.04)	61	56	1.10 (0.65–1.85)	86	82	1.02 (0.67–1.57)	12	19	0.42 (0.13–1.33)

^aA total of 115 gliomas and 357 meningiomas with unknown anatomical location are not included.
^bORs adjusted for sex, age, study centre, ethnicity in Israel and education.
^cDeciles of exposure used in Table 2 have been collapsed into six categories for these analyses: deciles 1, 2–5, 6–7, 8–9 and 10.

Table 5. ORs between mobile phone use and brain tumours (meningioma and glioma separately) by side of use of mobile phones and by regular use, time since start of use, cumulative call time and cumulative number of calls ^a
	Meningioma							Glioma
	Ipsilateral phone use			Contralateral phone use			Ratio^c ipsi/contra	Ipsilateral phone use			Contralateral phone use			Ratio^c ipsi/contra
	Cases	Controls	OR^b (95% CI)	Cases	Controls	OR^b (95% CI)	Ratio^c ipsi/contra	Cases	Controls	OR^b (95% CI)	Cases	Controls	OR^b (95% CI)	Ratio^c ipsi/contra
Regular use in the past ≥1 year
No	821	898	1.00	832	841	1.00		773	838	1.00	721	718	1.00
Yes	424	479	0.86 (0.69–1.08)	281	406	0.59 (0.46–0.76)	1.46	677	753	0.84 (0.69–1.04)	328	437	0.67 (0.52–0.87)	1.25
Time since start of use (years)
Not regular user	821	898	1.00	832	841	1.00		773	838	1.00	721	718	1.00
1–1.9	54	79	0.71 (0.44–1.15)	41	59	0.67 (0.38–1.20)	1.06	69	91	0.77 (0.49–1.20)	24	58	0.38 (0.20–0.71)	2.03
2–4	198	203	0.89 (0.67–1.19)	118	196	0.54 (0.39–0.76)	1.65	261	300	0.80 (0.62–1.04)	145	178	0.81 (0.57–1.14)	0.99
5–9	132	155	0.87 (0.63–1.21)	100	126	0.64 (0.44–0.94)	1.36	239	280	0.81 (0.62–1.05)	110	145	0.65 (0.44–0.95)	1.25
≥10	40	42	0.88 (0.52–1.47)	20	25	0.58 (0.29–1.16)	1.52	108	82	1.21 (0.82–1.80)	49	56	0.70 (0.42–1.15)	1.73
Cumulative call time with no hands-free devices (h)^d
Not regular user	821	898	1.00	832	841	1.00		773	838	1.00	721	718	1.00
<5 h	48	71	0.76 (0.48–1.210	36	54	0.75 (0.42–1.31)	1.01	64	76	0.83 (0.53–1.31)	23	50	0.43 (0.22–0.84)	1.93
5–114.9	185	209	0.86 (0.65–1.15)	125	190	0.55 (0.40–0.75)	1.56	253	321	0.75 (0.58–0.97)	135	170	0.74 (0.53–1.03)	1.01
115–359.9	65	96	0.64 (0.42–0.97)	42	69	0.64 (0.39–1.06)	1.00	121	147	0.75 (0.53–1.07)	67	93	0.62 (0.39–0.97)	1.21
360–1639.9	80	68	1.09 (0.72–1.64)	50	65	0.55 (0.32–0.94)	1.98	139	147	0.88 (0.62–1.24)	64	93	0.60 (0.38–0.94)	1.47
≥1640	46	35	1.45 (0.80–2.61)	28	28	0.62 (0.31–1.25)	2.34	100	62	1.96 (1.22–3.16)	39	31	1.25 (0.64–2.42)	1.57
Cumulative number of calls with no hands-free devices (in hundreds)^d
Not regular user	821	898	1.00	832	841	1.00		773	838	1.00	721	718	1.00
<1.5 × 100 calls	51	72	0.77 (0.49–1.22)	32	49	0.76 (0.41–1.40)	1.01	61	71	0.66 (0.41–1.07)	26	44	0.61 (0.32–1.17)	1.08
1.5–25.4	187	229	0.80 (0.60–1.05)	131	191	0.59 (0.44–0.81)	1.36	263	318	0.80 (0.62–1.04)	138	179	0.69 (0.49–0.96)	1.16
25.5–67.9	80	81	0.89 (0.59–1.35)	51	77	0.61 (0.37–1.00)	1.46	115	159	0.69 (0.49–0.97)	64	91	0.59 (0.38–0.92)	1.17
68–269.9	76	61	1.22 (0.77–1.95)	49	66	0.39 (0.23–0.68)	3.13	164	145	1.09 (0.78–1.52)	72	86	0.81 (0.51–1.28)	1.35
≥270	30	36	1.01 (0.56–1.82)	18	23	0.66 (0.30–1.46)	1.53	74	60	1.51 (0.91–2.51)	28	37	0.61 (0.32–1.18)	2.48

^aSeventy-two glioma-matched sets and 43 meningioma-matched sets including subjects with unknown laterality of use or with cases with unknown side of tumour are excluded from these analyses. The reference category consists of subjects who were not regular users 1 year before the reference date. Because the main analyses in this article use matched conditional logistic regression, all matched sets in which the case and/or the control was a regular contralateral user are excluded from the ipsilateral analyses; similarly, sets in which the case and/or the control was a regular ipsilateral user are excluded from the contralateral analyses. This explains the differences in the numbers of cases and controls in the reference category and the fact that the number of ipsilateral and contralateral regular user cases (and controls) does not add up to the total number of regular users in the previous table.
^bORs adjusted for sex, age, study centre, ethnicity in Israel and education.
^cRatio of OR for ipsilateral tumours to OR for contralateral tumours.
^dDeciles of exposure used in Table 2 have been collapsed into six categories for these analyses: deciles 1, 2–5, 6–7, 8–9 and 10.

Table 6. Results of sensitivity analyses on ORs between mobile phone use and brain tumours (meningioma and glioma separately) for the highest decile of cumulative call time, covering possible indicators of sample representativeness and response quality
Factors included in sensitivity analyses	Meningioma			Glioma
Factors included in sensitivity analyses	Cases	Controls	OR^a (95% CI)	Cases	Controls	OR^a (95% CI)
Main analysis (baseline for comparison)	130	107	1.15 (0.81–1.62)	210	154	1.40 (1.03–1.89)
Presentation of the study
Explicit mention of mobile phones	62	61	0.91 (0.56–1.47)	101	81	1.30 (0.87–1.93)
Mobile phones mentioned, but not stressed	58	35	1.50 (0.86–2.59)	90	63	1.47 (0.89–2.44)
No mention of mobile phones	10	11	1.07 (0.17–6.83)	19	10	1.72 (0.38–7.85)
Participation rates
Study centres with control participation rates <60%	75	45	1.44 (0.89–2.34)	142	99	1.39 (0.94–2.04)
Study centres with control participation rates ≥60%	55	62	0.93 (0.56–1.55)	68	55	1.46 (0.89–2.39)
Excluding study centres with hospital based case ascertainment^b	123	100	1.13 (0.80–1.60)	200	149	1.39 (1.02–1.88)
Quality and timing of interview
Excluding proxy interviews	127	107	1.13 (0.80–1.59)	188	138	1.46 (1.05–2.04)
Excluding telephone interviews	120	103	1.04 (0.72–1.49)	194	150	1.30 (0.95–1.78)
With experienced interviewers only^c	116	97	1.09 (0.76–1.56)	201	139	1.50 (1.10–2.06)
Balanced interviewer workload^d	95	73	1.13 (0.75–1.69)	164	119	1.38 (0.97–1.96)
Control interviews within 1 month of case interview	35	21	1.32 (0.70–2.48)	46	30	1.43 (0.79–2.57)
Interviewer judgement of quality of response^e
Excluding non-responsive study subjects or subjects with poor memory	91	75	1.28 (0.85–1.93)	130	92	1.38 (0.94–2.03)
Duration of call time
When answered by day/week/month	9	4	5.78 (0.81–41.06)	9	3	6.08 (0.72–51.65)
When answered by call	112	94	1.00 (0.69–1.45)	177	136	1.23 (0.89–1.70)
Truncation of phone use to 5 h/day^f	130	107	1.15 (0.81–1.62)	208	153	1.38 (1.02–1.87)
Truncation of phone use to 1 h/day^f	80	75	1.06 (0.70–1.60)	144	104	1.41 (0.99–1.99)
Assuming call time per day only concerns work days^g	136	117	1.08 (0.78–1.51)	225	167	1.31 (0.98–1.75)
Exclusion of subjects who reported >5 h/per day^f	106	94	1.02 (0.70–1.48)	169	134	1.27 (0.92–1.75)
Use of imputation and ranges
Excluding responses with imputed items	104	81	1.21 (0.82–1.78)	157	115	1.34 (0.96–1.88)
Using minimum rather than median when range given	97	88	1.08 (0.74–1.58)	140	105	1.35 (0.94–1.93)

^aORs adjusted for sex, age, study centre, ethnicity in Israel and education.
^bJapan and France–Paris excluded.
^cIncluded only interviewers who conducted at least 20 interviews.
^dIncluded only interviewers whose case/control interview ratio was between 1/4 and 3/4 (between 1/6 and 5/6 in Germany where two controls were matched to each case).
^eRestricted to study subjects who the interviewers judged to be fairly or very cooperative and responsive and who were judged to remember fairly well, well or very well both their current and past mobile phone use history.
^fTruncation and exclusion were based on all use of a mobile phone; that is, including when using hands-free devices.
^gWorking days were assumed to be 5.5 days/week for 50 weeks of the year and new deciles were created to reflect the changed total hours.

Appendix

IARC: Cardis E,^1,2* Deltour I,^1,3 Vrijheid M,^1,2 Combalot E,⁴ Moissonnier M,¹ Tardy H⁵; Australia: Armstrong B,⁶ Giles G,⁷ Brown J⁶; Canada – Montreal: Siemiatycki J,⁸ Parent ME,⁹ Nadon L⁹; Canada – Ottawa/Vancouver: Krewski D,¹⁰ McBride ML¹¹; Denmark: Johansen C,³ Collatz Christensen H³; Finland: Auvinen A,^12,13 Kurttio P,¹³ Lahkola A,¹³ Salminen T¹³; France: Hours M,⁵ Bernard M,^5,14 Montestruq L^5,14; Germany: Schüz J,^15,3 Berg-Beckhoff G,¹⁶ Schlehofer B,¹⁷ Blettner M¹⁵; Israel: Sadetzki S,^18,19 Chetrit A,¹⁸ Jarus-Hakak A¹⁸; Italy: Lagorio S,²⁰ Iavarone I²¹; Japan: Takebayashi T,²² Yamaguchi N²³; New Zealand: Woodward A,²⁴ Cook A,²⁵ Pearce N²⁶; Norway: Tynes T,^27,28,29 Blaasaas KG,^30,31 Klaeboe L^27,29; Sweden: Feychting M,³² Lönn S,³³ Ahlbom A³²; UK-North: McKinney PA,³⁴ Hepworth SJ,³⁴ Muir KR³⁵; and UK-South: Swerdlow AJ,³⁶ Schoemaker MJ³⁶

¹Formerly (except M.M.) at International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, ²Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM), CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain, ³Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark, ⁴GELARC, CHU Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France, ⁵Université de Lyon, Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité, Institut national de Veille Sanitaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche épidémiologique et de Surveillance Transports Travail Environnement T9405, Lyon, France, ⁶Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, ⁷Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia, ⁸University of Montreal School of Public Health, Montreal, Canada, ⁹INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, University of Quebec, Laval, Canada, ¹⁰McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, ¹¹BC Cancer Research Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada, ¹²Tampere School of Public Health, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland, ¹³STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland, ¹⁴Now at Observatoire Régional de la Santé Rhône-Alpes, Lyon, France, ¹⁵Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany (J.S. – formerly), ¹⁶Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany, ¹⁷Unit of Environmental Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany, ¹⁸Cancer & Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, ¹⁹Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel, ²⁰National Centre for Epidemiology Surveillance and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy, ²¹Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy, ²²Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, ²³Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, ²⁴School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, ²⁵School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia, ²⁶Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, ²⁷Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås (Oesteraas), Norway (T.T. previously, L.K. currently), ²⁸Now at National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway, ²⁹The Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway, ³⁰Formerly at Norwegian Armed Forces, Sessvollmoen, Norway, ³¹Now at The Norwegian Financial Services Association (FNH), Oslo, Norway, ³²Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, ³³Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, ³⁴Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK, ³⁵The Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK and ³⁶Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK.

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