Physical Activity Guidelines and Cardiovascular Risk in Children

Fat % percentage of body fat, DXA dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, SBP systolic blood pressure, VO ₂ max peak oxygen uptake, FMD flow mediated dilation, E/A ratio ratio between passive and active filling of the left ventricle (cm/s)

TPHV time to peak height velocity, BMI body mass index, Fat % percentage of body fat, DXA dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, SBP systolic blood pressure, DPB diastolic blood pressure, VO ₂ max peak oxygen uptake, FMD flow mediated dilation, E/A ratio ratio between passive and active filling of the left ventricle (cm/s), CCVD risk composite cardio vascular disease risk score as sum of z-scores, MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity, VPA vigorous physical activity. All data expressed as mean (SD). ^aSignificant difference between boys and girls <0.05

Inactive = those who did not achieve the recommended 60 min MVPA per day. Active = those who achieved the recommended 60 min MVPA per day
Fat % percentage of body fat, SBP systolic blood pressure, BD baseline diameter of brachial artery in mm, FMD flow mediated dilation, VO ₂ max peak oxygen uptake, E/A ratio ratio between passive and active filling of the left ventricle (cm/s), CCVD risk clustered cardio vascular disease risk score as sum of z-scores, At risk percentage of children with more than 1SD in the CCVD risk score, OR CCVD risk odds ratio for being at risk compared to the active group, MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity in minutes/day, VPA vigorous physical activity in minutes/day, sedentary sedentary behaviour in hours/day. All data expressed as mean (SD)

VPA vigorous physical activity (min/day), MPA moderate physical activity (min/day), CCVD risk clustered cardiovascular disease risk score as sum of z-scores, At risk % of children with more than 1SD in the CCVD risk score, OR CCVD risk odds ratio for being at risk compared to the active group, Fat % percentage of body fat, FMD% flow mediated dilation, SBP systolic blood pressure, VO2max peak oxygen uptake, E/A ratio ratio between passive and active filling of the left ventricle (cm/s). All data expressed as mean (SD). CCRD risk score consists of Fat%, FMD%, SBP, VO2Max, E/A ratio. ^aSignificant difference compared to most active quintile <0.05

Authors and Disclosures

L. M. Füssenich¹, L. M. Boddy², D. J. Green^2,3, L. E. F. Graves², L. Foweather², R. M. Dagger⁴, N. McWhannell⁵, J. Henaghan², N. D. Ridgers⁶, G. Stratton⁷ and N. D. Hopkins²*

¹Department of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands. ²Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moore's University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 2ET, UK. ³School of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. ⁴School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool L16 9JD, UK. ⁵Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chester, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK. ⁶Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition (C-PAN) Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3175, Australia. ⁷Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.

*Correspondence
N.d.hopkins@ljmu.ac.uk

Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions
LF – Data analysis and interpretation, significant writer of article, review of final draft. LMB- conception and design, revising manuscript, review of final draft. DJG - conception and design, revising manuscript, review of final draft. LEFG - Data collection and analysis, revising manuscript, review of final draft. LF - Data collection and analysis, revising manuscript, review of final draft. RG - Data collection and analysis, revising manuscript, review of final draft. NM - Data collection and analysis, revising manuscript, review of final draft. JH - Data collection and analysis, revising manuscript, review of final draft. NDR – Data collection and analysis, revising manuscript, review of final draft. GS - conception and design, revising manuscript, review of final draft. NDH - conception and design, significant writer, review of final draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.