Photo: Pixabay/Photography_by_Sebbi

The first genetically modified (GM) food ever made commercially available to the public was a tomato, invented in the US in 1994. Since then, a number of different genetically modified foods have been created, including corn, cotton, potatoes and pink pineapple.

Although genetically modified foods still get a bit of a bad rap, there are actually many good reasons why modifying an organism?s genetics may be worthwhile. For example, many breeds of genetically modified foods have made themmore resistant to disease.

It?s also possible to modify foods tomake them more nutritious. Take for example golden rice. This grain was engineered to have higher levels of vitamin A in order to tackle deficiencies of this nutrientin impoverished countries.

But despite all the developments in genetically modified foods since 1994, few products have actually made it to the market. Thecontinued ignorance of the general publicabout GM products alongside the reluctance of government policymakers in some countries have impeded the progress of genetically modified foods moving from the lab to the market.

This is why theregulatory approvalof purple tomatoes in the US this September is so exciting.

Making a purple tomato

For the last 14 years,Cathie MartinandEugenio Butellifrom the John Innes Centre in Norfolk, England, and their team have been working on developing the purple tomato.

Their aim was to engineer a tomato that contained higher levels of anthocyanins ? which can be used alongside unmodified tomatoes to study the benefits of anthocyanins. The team chose to modify a tomato because the fruits are delicious and widely consumed.

Anthocyanins occur naturally in many fruits and vegetables that have a red, purple or blue flesh or peel ? such as blueberries, strawberries, aubergines and red cabbages. In order to produce a purple tomato, the teamincorporated genesfrom snapdragons into the DNA of tomatoes.

The end result of these experiments was a unique fruit ? and not just because of it?s colour. They also succeeded in engineering tomatoes that contained high levels of anthocyanins ? comparable to the amount found in blueberries ? which is beneficial for a number of reasons.

The higher levels of anthocyanins in purple tomatoes actually work todouble their shelf lifecompared to red tomatoes. This is because anthocyanins help to delay over-ripening and reduce the fruit?s susceptibility to fungus attack post-harvest.

photo: Pixabay/jj01

Another benefitof high levels of anthocyanins is that they attract pollinators and animals to disperse seeds, which increases reproductive success of the plants and their yield. Anthocyanins also protect plants fromUV damageandprotect them from pathogens, which maximises their survival.

Anthocyanins may also be good for your health. Studies on other foods containing them have linked them to lower inflammation, lower risk of type 2 diabetes andcancer. They may alsoprotect the brainagainst disease, such as dementia.

While studies into the benefits of purple tomatoes specifically on humans are still ongoing, one study which fed cancer-prone mice food supplemented with purple tomatoes found they actuallylived 30% longercompared to the mice given red tomatoes.

The future of GM

There have been a number of exciting developments in the field of GM foods in the last few years, including the firstgenome-edited GABA tomatoesin Japan andvitamin D enriched tomatoesin the UK. Both were developed usingCRISPR genome-editing technology.

Genetic modification can offer many benefits. Not only might it help us tackle the challenges of climate change by developingmore resilient crops, breeding plants with higher levels of certainvitamins and mineralsmay potentially allow us to improve health and lower the burden of many common diseases. And, GM crops may help us ensure that everyone, regardless of where they live, has access to high-quality fresh produce that?s good for them and the environment.

GM foods are alsotightly regulatedin many countries, which means that any products which areapproved for consumptionare safe for human, plant and animal health.

The greatest challenge now is getting more governments around the world to approve these genetically modified foods for sale. Although the UK is ahead of other countries when it comes toregulation of gene-edited crops, it?s currently unknown whether the GM purple tomato will be offered for sale there. But it?s expected that purple tomatoes will be available for sale in the USas soon as 2023.

This article was written by Yang Yue, a PhD candidate in Plants, Food and Health at Quadram Institute. It is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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Source: Sustainability Times