Term |
Definition/Description |
Clinical Application |
Acanthocyte |
Erythrocyte identified by numerous spiny cytoplasmic projections; similar to a Burr cell |
Acanthocytosis, condition in which the majority of erythrocytes are acanthocytes. |
Anemia |
Deficiency in the concentration of erythrocytes and/or hemoglobin concentration; further defined as a hematocrit or hemoglobin greater than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and sex |
Can be classified on physiologic (hemolytic, hypoplastic) or morphologic basis (macrocytic, microcytic) |
Anisocytosis |
Term denoting a condition in which RBCs have variable and abnormal sizes; evaluated on a peripheral smear |
May be a normal variation in neonates. |
Anisopoikilocytosis |
Condition in which RBCs display both sizes and shapes that are variable and abnormal |
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Basophilic Stippling |
Immature RBCs display bluish flecks or punctate granules when exposed to basic stains or dyes |
Seen in lead poisoning, thalassemia syndromes, or iron deficiency anemia |
Elliptocyte |
An oval shaped RBC (ovalocyte) |
Elliptocytosis, condition in which 50–90% of RBCs are elliptocytes. |
Erythroblast |
A immature RBC containing a nucleus |
1) May be pathologic (megaloblast) or normal (normoblast). Normally seen in hematopoietic organs. Megaloblast are found in certain types of anemia (pernicious anemia) 2) Erythroblastemia, presence of NRBCs in peripheral circulation 3) Erythroblastosis, presence of considerable numbers of erythroblasts in the blood 4) Erythroblastopenia, deficiency of erythroblasts in bone marrow (Diamond-Blackfan Syndrome) |
Erythrocyte |
RBC; a nonnucleated biconcave disk approximately 7 µm in diameter, containing hemoglobin. The characteristic shape and flexible lipid membrane facilitate passage through narrow capillaries. |
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Heinz Bodies |
Intracellular inclusions usually attached to RBCs; composed of denatured hemoglobin |
Seen in hemoglobinopathies, RBC enzyme deficiencies, or after splenectomy |
Hemolysis |
Destruction of RBCs with subsequent release of hemoglobin; occurs normally at the end of the life span of RBCs but also occurs under a variety of pathologic conditions |
Hemolytic anemia, condition in which there is marked or accelerated destruction of erythrocytes; may be due to infections, inherited RBC disorders, or as a response to drugs or other toxins |
Howell-Jolly Bodies |
Nuclear remnants seen in RBCs after Wright's staining |
Seen in types of anemia, asplenia/hyposplenia, and severe iron deficiency |
Hyperchromic |
Description of RBCs that contain or appear to contain more hemoglobin than normal |
Seen in hyperviscosity |
Hypochromic |
Description of RBCs containing less than the normal amount of hemoglobin |
In hypochromic anemia the percentage of hemoglobin in erythrocytes is less than the normal range; usually seen in chronic anemia |
Hypoplastic Anemia |
Decreased production of RBCs by the bone marrow |
Seen in bone marrow dysfunction (Diamond-Blackfan Syndrome) |
Macrocyte |
A mature RBC of abnormally large size; usually >9 µm in diameter |
Macrocytic anemia, classification of anemia denoting impaired RBC production and large fragile RBCs. Most commonly results from nutritional deficiency (folic acid and vitamin B12) |
Megaloblast |
Large nucleated immature erythrocyte normally seen in large numbers in the bone marrow but also found in certain types of anemia (See erythrocyte) |
Megaloblastic anemia, classification of anemia marked by production and peripheral proliferation of large, immature, dysfunctional RBCs; see in severe pernicious anemia or folic acid deficiency |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) |
Represents an estimate of the amount of hemoglobin in an average RBC; normal adult value is 28–32 pg of hemoglobin per erythrocyte |
This parameter is calculated from the ratio between the amount of hemoglobin and the number of RBCs in a specimen |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) |
An estimate of the concentration of hemoglobin in grams per 100 ml of packed red blood cells, normal adult value is between 32 and 36% |
This parameter is calculated from the ratio of hemoglobin to hematocrit; expressed as a percentage |
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) |
Estimates the average volume of each RBC, normal adult value is between 82 and 92 fl (µm3) |
This parameter is calculated from the ratio of the hematocrit to the total number of RBCs |
Microcytic |
Describes small size of RBCs |
Microcytic anemia, classification of anemia characterized by abnormally small RBCs; usually seen in chronic blood loss or iron deficiency anemia. MCV is low and RDW is increased. Certain genotypes of α-thalassemia present with microcytosis at birth. |
Normochromic |
Describes RBCs that are normal in color, containing the normal amount ofhemoglobin |
Normochromic cells are seen in anemia following acute blood loss |
Normocyte |
Normal sized, nonnucleated erythrocyte; 7.5 µm in diameter |
Normocytic anemia, classification of anemia in which RBCs are normal in size; MCV is within normal range |
Poikilocytosis |
Variation in the shape of erythrocytes |
May be normal in newborn period or seen in anemia due to RBC defects |
Polychromasia |
Abnormal tendency of an RBC to be dyed by a variety of laboratory stains |
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Red Blood Cell Indices |
Series of relationships characterizing erythrocytes by size and content and concentration of hemoglobin. Useful in establishing the differential diagnosis of anemia, calculated by automated blood profiling machine from RBC count, hematocrit and hemoglobin |
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Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) |
Expresses differences in erythrocyte size in an individual specimen |
Used to detect anisocytosis. Increased in immune hemolytic anemia, SS and SC disease, and hereditary spherocytosis |
Reticulocyte |
Immature nonnucleated erythrocyte; reticulocyte count reflects erythropoiesis |
Elevated count indicates bone marrow production of new RBCs |
Spherocyte |
Abnormally shaped spherical erythrocyte containing a greater than normal amount of hemoglobin |
Presence of large numbers can cause hemolytic anemia. See Figure 3 |
Target Cell |
Abnormal erythrocyte |
May be seen in peripheral blood after splenectomy, in anemia and certain hemoglobinopathies. See Figure 3 |
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