The following year, the largest wave ever recorded in the Southern Hemisphere – a 23.8m giant that formed in the thick of a huge, deep storm – was measured by a buoy moored off Campbell Island.

During the depths of winter, these waves were enormous, averaging more than 5m, regularly exceeding 10m – and sometimes likely reaching more than 25m, or the equivalent height of 16 cars stacked on top of each other.

Anything more than 20m high is highly hazardous to vessels – waves that climbed to 14m forced the HMNZS Wellington to turn around partway to the Subantarctic islands in 2014 – and ships tend to negotiate heavy seas by sailing head-on into the direction the waves are coming from.

Fortunately, there was little shipping traffic in the ocean; what vessels are operating range from icebreakers and research boats to fishing vessels and small cruise liners.

One recent study found that extreme waves in the ocean had grown by 30cm – or 5 per cent – in just the past three decades, all while the region had grown stormier, and even gustier, with extreme winds strengthening by 1.5m a second.

Now, a new study has found that a warming planet will cause stronger storm winds triggering larger and more frequent extreme waves over the next 80 years – with largest increases shown in the Southern Ocean.

The University of Melbourne researchers simulated Earth’s changing climate under different wind conditions, recreating thousands of simulated storms to evaluate the magnitude and frequency of extreme events.

The study found that if global emissions are not curbed there will be an increase of up to 10 per cent in the frequency and magnitude of extreme waves in extensive ocean regions.

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In contrast, researchers found there would be a significantly lower increase where effective steps are taken to reduce emissions and dependence on fossil fuels.

In both scenarios, the largest increase in magnitude and frequency of extreme waves is in the Southern Ocean.

They found the magnitude of a one-in 100-year significant wave height event increased by five to 15 per cent over the ocean by the century, compared to the 1979 to 2005 period.

The North Atlantic, meanwhile, showed a decrease of five to 15 per cent at low to mid, but an increase at high latitudes of around 10 per cent.

The extreme significant wave height in the North Pacific increases at high latitudes by five to 10 per cent.

One of the paper’s authors, Professor Ian Young, warned that more storms and extreme waves would result in rising sea levels and damage to infrastructure.

“Around 290 million people across the world already live in regions where there is a one per cent probability of flood every year,” Young said.

“An increase in the risk of extreme wave events may be catastrophic, as larger and more frequent storms will cause more flooding and coastline erosion.”

“The results we have seen present another strong case for reduction of emissions through transition to clean energy if we want to reduce the severity of damage to global coastlines.”

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The research comes as New Zealand scientists have been getting a much clearer picture of the Southern Ocean’s extremes with wave buoys deployed by science-based consultancy MetOcean Solutions.

The ocean currently sucks up more than 40 per cent of the carbon dioxide we produce, acting as a temporary climate-change buffer by slowing down the accumulation of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere.

Yet the same westerly winds that play a critical role in regulating its storing capacity are now threatening its future as a CO2 bank, by bringing deep carbon-rich waters up to the surface.

Many climate models have already predicted that the westerly winds overlying the ocean would get stronger if atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations continued to rise.