image: Dr. Virginia Smith, NIH postdoctoral fellow, utilizing the Human-on-a-Chip® system to research and assess new treatments for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. view more
Credit: Hesperos, Inc
A new study published today demonstrates that a technology developed at the University of Central Florida could serve as a more reliable clinically-based model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and a better screening tool for novel therapies than currently use preclinical models.
The Human-on-a-Chip®technology was developed by UCF Professor James J. Hickman in his Hybrid Systems Lab at UCF. It has been licensed to Hesperos, Inc., a company founded by Hickman and Michael L. Shuler, Ph.D.
"This study supports the ability of our Human-on-a-Chip system to more accurately and rapidly assess new treatments for ALS, and potentially speed up the overall drug development process," says Hickman, co-author of the paper, titled "A Human-Based Functional NMJ System for Personalized ALS Modeling and Drug Testing," published in the journal Advanced Therapeutics . "This is also the first data to demonstrate the efficacy of the Deanna protocol for the treatment of ALS, utilizing a clinically relevant assay system."
ALS is a progressive disease that damages nerves and over time causes the loss of muscle control and eventual death. Between 12,000-15,000 people in the nation are diagnosed with ALS with about 5,000 new cases every year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Also known as Lou Gerhig's disease, there is no cure.
In the new journal article, researchers from UCF and Cornell University describe a functional neuromuscular junction (NMJ) disease model comprising motoneurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of ALS patients and wild type primary human muscle fibers housed in a compartmentalized chambered system. Most importantly, the functional system was able to reproduce assays used in the clinic to assess ALS deficits where a patient is given a task to do with increased speed to detect spasticity or loss of muscle strength. This was reproduced by stimulating the motoneurons at increasing frequency and monitoring the muscle to record "skips" as well as accelerated fatigue.
The iPSCs were derived from three separate ALS lines, two expressing SOD1 mutations and one expressing the FUS mutation. Compared to healthy controls, each of the three cell lines of ALS motoneurons exhibited mutant-specific pathological phenotypes at varying degrees of severity, including increased axonal varicosities, reduced axon branching and elongation, and increased excitability.
When ALS motoneurons were incubated in the dual chamber system with muscle tissue, functional NMJs were formed without cell death from axons transported through tiny tunnels to the muscle chamber. However, there were significant impairments in NMJ formation, electrical activity transmission, and muscle contraction with increasing stimulation frequency. These data suggest that the system is a valid model that recapitulates the morphological and functional deficits in ALS.
"To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that while different ALS mutations display various phenotypes, all have the common point-of-origin deficit at the NMJ for each mutation, which is useful for not only the familial form of the disease but potentially sporadic as well" said Hickman.
The Deanna protocol is a regimen of holistic, supplements that contains five components targeting various cellular mechanisms known to be pathologically altered in ALS and this over-the-counter ALS treatment is commercially available. While this strategy has been anecdotally reported to successfully treat ALS, there was previously no scientific evidence in a human functional model that support its therapeutic use.
In the study, upon treatment with the Deanna protocol the NMJ functional deficits were reversed. Specifically, treatment led to significant improvements in NMJ formation, electrical activity transmission and muscle contractions, even at higher frequencies of stimulation.
"Hesperos is looking forward to exploring how this interconnected multi-organ platform could be used to reveal additional patient-specific phenotypes in ALS and for high-content screening of drug candidates," said Michael L. Shuler, Ph.D., Chief Executive Officer of Hesperos.
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The research was supported by Department of Defense grant number AL130166 and the National Institutes of Health grant number R01-NS050452.
About Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of the NMJ, a connection between motoneurons and muscle fiber that allows the contraction of muscle tissue and voluntary muscle movement. In ALS there is a progressive loss of these NMJs followed by degeneration of motoneurons, ultimately leading to muscle weakening, loss of muscle control and eventual paralysis.
There are limited treatment options to combat the disease, which only reduce progression by a few months. Therapies for ALS have been challenging to develop because current preclinical animal models do not accurately capture the heterogeneity of the disease and therefore, translate poorly in patients.
Hybrid Systems Lab
The Hybrid Systems Laboratory (HSL) within the NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC) at the University of Central Florida (UCF) has established a collaborative environment between four faculty members: Hickman; Xiufang Guo, a stem cell biologist and electrophysiologist; Stephen Lambert, a neuroscientist and cell biologist; and Aman Behal, a systems biology engineer. This has created a trans-disciplinary environment where post-docs, students and staff with backgrounds as diverse as theoretical physics, chemistry, engineering, molecular biology, cell biology and electrophysiology work side-by-side in a world class facility.
About Hesperos
Hesperos, Inc. is a leader in efforts to characterize an individual's biology with Human-on-a-Chip microfluidic systems. Founders Michael L. Shuler and James J. Hickman have been at the forefront of every major scientific discovery in this realm, from individual organ-on-a-chip constructs to fully functional, interconnected multi-organ systems. With a mission to revolutionize toxicology testing as well as efficacy evaluation for drug discovery, the company has created pumpless platforms with serum-free cellular mediums that allow multi-organ system communication and integrated computational PKPD modeling of live physiological responses utilizing functional readouts from neurons, cardiac, muscle, barrier tissues and neuromuscular junctions as well as responses from liver, pancreas and barrier tissues. More information is available at https://hesperosinc.com
Journal
Advanced Therapeutics