Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 14
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
October 2017
Print publication year:
2017
Online ISBN:
9781108290685

Book description

Bioresorbable electronics that can dissolve away in aqueous environments and generate biologically safe products offer a revolutionary solution to replace the built-to-last electronics predominantly used in implanted devices and electronic gadgets. Their use can reduce the risk of surgical complications by minimizing the number of necessary surgeries, and prevent production of electronic waste by allowing rapid device recycling. This Element presents bioresorbable materials such as metals, polymers, inorganic compounds, and semiconductors that have been used to construct electronic devices, and analyzes their unique dissolution behaviors and biological effects. These materials are combined to yield representative devices including passive and active components and functional systems.

References

[1]Eberhart, R. C., Su, S. H., Nguyen, K. T., Zilberman, M., Tang, L., Nelson, K. D., and Frenkel, P., “Bioresorbable polymeric stents: current status and future promise,” J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 14(4), pp. 299312, 2003.
[2]Ormiston, J. A., Serruys, P. W., Regar, E., Dudek, D., Thuesen, L., Webster, M. W. I., Onuma, Y., Garcia-Garcia, H. M., McGreevy, R., and Veldhof, S., “A bioabsorbable everolimus-eluting coronary stent system for patients with single de-novo coronary artery lesions (ABSORB): a prospective open-label trial,” The Lancet, 371(9616), pp. 899907, 2008.
[3]Simon, J., Ricci, J., and Di Cesare, P., “Bioresorbable fracture fixation in orthopedics: a comprehensive review. Part I. Basic science and preclinical studies,” American Journal of Orthopedics (Belle Mead, NJ), 26(10), pp. 665671, 1997.
[4]Ylikontiola, L., Sundqvuist, K., Sandor, G. K., Törmälä, P., and Ashammakhi, N., “Self-reinforced bioresorbable poly-L/DL-lactide [SR-P (L/DL) LA] 70/30 miniplates and miniscrews are reliable for fixation of anterior mandibular fractures: a pilot study,” Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 97(3), pp. 312317, 2004.
[5]Gogas, B. D., Farooq, V., Onuma, Y., and Serruys, P. W., “The ABSORB bioresorbable vascular scaffold: an evolution or revolution in interventional cardiology?,” Hellenic J Cardiol, 53(4), pp. 301309, 2012.
[6]Abbah, S. A., Lam, C. X. L., Hutmacher, D. W., Goh, J. C. H., and Wong, H.-K., “Biological performance of a polycaprolactone-based scaffold used as fusion cage device in a large animal model of spinal reconstructive surgery,” Biomaterials, 30(28), pp. 50865093, 2009.
[7]Gresser, J., Lewandrowski, K.-U., Trantolo, D., Wise, D., and Hsu, Y.-Y., “Soluble Calcium Salts in Bioresorbable Bone Grafts,” in Biomaterials Engineering and Devices: Human Applications, Wise, D., Trantolo, D., Lewandrowski, K.-U., Gresser, J., Cattaneo, M., and Yaszemski, M., Eds., Humana Press, 2000, pp. 171188.
[8]Bergmann, C., Lindner, M., Zhang, W., Koczur, K., Kirsten, A., Telle, R., and Fischer, H., “3D printing of bone substitute implants using calcium phosphate and bioactive glasses,” Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 30(12), pp. 25632567, 2010.
[9]Guerra, G. D., Cerrai, P., Tricoli, M., Maltinti, S., Anguillesi, I., and Barbani, N., “Fibers by bioresorbable poly(ester-ether-ester)s as potential suture threads: a preliminary investigation,” J Mater Sci Mater Med, 10(10/11), pp. 659662, 1999.
[10]Schranz, D., Zartner, P., Michel-Behnke, I., and Akintürk, H., “Bioabsorbable metal stents for percutaneous treatment of critical recoarctation of the aorta in a newborn,” Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions, 67(5), pp. 671673, 2006.
[11]Woodruff, M. A. and Hutmacher, D. W., “The return of a forgotten polymer – Polycaprolactone in the 21st century,” Progress in Polymer Science, 35(10), pp. 12171256, 2010.
[12]Auras, R., Harte, B., and Selke, S., “An overview of polylactides as packaging materials,” Macromolecular Bioscience, 4(9), pp. 835864, 2004.
[13]Pang, X., Zhuang, X., Tang, Z., and Chen, X., “Polylactic acid (PLA): Research, development and industrialization,” Biotechnology Journal, 5(11), pp. 11251136, 2010.
[14]Kadajji, V. G. and Betageri, G. V., “Water soluble polymers for pharmaceutical applications,” Polymers, 3(4), pp. 19722009, 2011.
[15]Hwang, S.-W., Tao, H., Kim, D.-H., Cheng, H., Song, J.-K., Rill, E., Brenckle, M. A., Panilaitis, B., Won, S. M., Kim, Y.-S., Song, Y. M., Yu, K. J., Ameen, A., Li, R., Su, Y., Yang, M., Kaplan, D. L., Zakin, M. R., Slepian, M. J., Huang, Y., Omenetto, F. G., and Rogers, J. A., “A physically transient form of silicon electronics,” Science, 337(6102), pp. 16401644, 2012.
[16]Okazaki, Y. and Gotoh, E., “Metal release from stainless steel, Co–Cr–Mo–Ni–Fe and Ni–Ti alloys in vascular implants,” Corrosion Science, 50(12), pp. 34293438, 2008.
[17]Greene, A. H., Bumgardner, J. D., Yang, Y., Moseley, J., and Haggard, W. O., “Chitosan-coated stainless steel screws for fixation in contaminated fractures,” Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 466(7), pp. 16991704, 2008.
[18]Nie, F., Wang, S., Wang, Y., Wei, S., and Zheng, Y., “Comparative study on corrosion resistance and in vitro biocompatibility of bulk nanocrystalline and microcrystalline biomedical 304 stainless steel,” Dental Materials, 27(7), pp. 677683, 2011.
[19]Grądzka-Dahlke, M., Dąbrowski, J., and Dąbrowski, B., “Modification of mechanical properties of sintered implant materials on the base of Co–Cr–Mo alloy,” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 204(1), pp. 199205, 2008.
[20]Teigen, K. and Jokstad, A., “Dental implant suprastructures using cobalt–chromium alloy compared with gold alloy framework veneered with ceramic or acrylic resin: a retrospective cohort study up to 18 years,” Clinical Oral Implants Research, 23(7), pp. 853860, 2012.
[21]Witzleb, W.-C., Ziegler, J., Krummenauer, F., Neumeister, V., and Guenther, K.-P., “Exposure to chromium, cobalt and molybdenum from metal-on-metal total hip replacement and hip resurfacing arthroplasty,” Acta Orthopaedica, 77(5), pp. 697705, 2006.
[22]Liu, X., Chu, P. K., and Ding, C., “Surface modification of titanium, titanium alloys, and related materials for biomedical applications,” Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 47(3), pp. 49121, 2004.
[23]Elias, C., Lima, J., Valiev, R., and Meyers, M., “Biomedical applications of titanium and its alloys,” JOM, 60(3), pp. 4649, 2008.
[24]Geetha, M., Singh, A., Asokamani, R., and Gogia, A., “Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants–a review,” Progress in Materials Science, 54(3), pp. 397425, 2009.
[25]Godara, A., Raabe, D., and Green, S., “The influence of sterilization processes on the micromechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK composites for bone implant applications,” Acta Biomaterialia, 3(2), pp. 209220, 2007.
[26]Thomas, J. W., Michael, C. W., Janice, L. M., Rachel, L. P., and Jeremiah, U. E., “Nano-biotechnology: carbon nanofibres as improved neural and orthopaedic implants,” Nanotechnology, 15(1), p. 48, 2004.
[27]Adams, D., Williams, D. F., and Hill, J., “Carbon fiber-reinforced carbon as a potential implant material,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 12(1), pp. 3542, 1978.
[28]Dalal, A., Pawar, V., McAllister, K., Weaver, C., and Hallab, N. J., “Orthopedic implant cobalt‐alloy particles produce greater toxicity and inflammatory cytokines than titanium alloy and zirconium alloy‐based particles in vitro, in human osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and macrophages,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 100(8), pp. 21472158, 2012.
[29]Shettlemore, M. G. and Bundy, K. J., “Toxicity measurement of orthopedic implant alloy degradation products using a bioluminescent bacterial assay,” J Biomed Mater Res, 45(4), pp. 395403, 1999.
[30]George, C. M., Howard, D. R., Allan, I. L., Claire-Anne, G., Robert, E. G., and Ravi, V. B., “Implanted neural electrodes cause chronic, local inflammation that is correlated with local neurodegeneration,” Journal of Neural Engineering, 6(5), p. 056003, 2009.
[31]Hallab, N. J., Cunningham, B. W., and Jacobs, J. J., “Spinal implant debris-induced osteolysis,” Spine, 28(20S), pp. S125S138, 2003.
[32]Muller, K. and Valentine-Thon, E., “Hypersensitivity to titanium: clinical and laboratory evidence,” Neuro Endocrinol Lett, 27 Suppl. 1, pp. 3135, 2006.
[33]Hallab, N. J. and Jacobs, J. J., “Biologic effects of implant debris,” Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, 67(2), p. 182, 2009.
[34]Kim, D.-H., Kim, Y.-S., Amsden, J., Panilaitis, B., Kaplan, D. L., Omenetto, F. G., Zakin, M. R., and Rogers, J. A., “Silicon electronics on silk as a path to bioresorbable, implantable devices,” Applied Physics Letters, 95(13), p. 133701, 2009.
[35]Kim, D.-H., Viventi, J., Amsden, J. J., Xiao, J., Vigeland, L., Kim, Y.-S., Blanco, J. A., Panilaitis, B., Frechette, E. S., Contreras, D., Kaplan, D. L., Omenetto, F. G., Huang, Y., Hwang, K.-C., Zakin, M. R., Litt, B., and Rogers, J. A., “Dissolvable films of silk fibroin for ultrathin conformal bio-integrated electronics,” Nat Mater, 9(6), pp. 511517, 2010.
[36]Mannoor, M. S., Tao, H., Clayton, J. D., Sengupta, A., Kaplan, D. L., Naik, R. R., Verma, N., Omenetto, F. G., and McAlpine, M. C., “Graphene-based wireless bacteria detection on tooth enamel,” Nat Commun, 3, p. 763, 2012.
[37]Lawrence, B. D., Cronin-Golomb, M., Georgakoudi, I., Kaplan, D. L., and Omenetto, F. G., “Bioactive silk protein biomaterial systems for optical devices,” Biomacromolecules, 9(4), pp. 12141220, 2008.
[38]Yin, L., Cheng, H., Mao, S., Haasch, R., Liu, Y., Xie, X., Hwang, S.-W., Jain, H., Kang, S.-K., Su, Y., Li, R., Huang, Y., and Rogers, J. A., “Dissolvable metals for transient electronics,” Advanced Functional Materials, 24(5), pp. 645658, 2014.
[39]Makadia, H. K. and Siegel, S. J., “Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) as biodegradable controlled drug delivery carrier,” Polymers (Basel), 3(3), pp. 13771397, 2011.
[40]Kang, S.-K., Hwang, S.-W., Cheng, H., Yu, S., Kim, B. H., Kim, J.-H., Huang, Y., and Rogers, J. A., “Dissolution behaviors and applications of silicon oxides and nitrides in transient electronics,” Advanced Functional Materials, 24(28), pp. 44274434, 2014.
[41]Dagdeviren, C., Hwang, S.-W., Su, Y., Kim, S., Cheng, H., Gur, O., Haney, R., Omenetto, F. G., Huang, Y., and Rogers, J. A., “Transient, biocompatible electronics and energy harvesters based on ZnO,” Small, 9(20), pp. 33983404, 2013.
[42]Hwang, S.-W., Kang, S.-K., Huang, X., Brenckle, M. A., Omenetto, F. G., and Rogers, J. A., “Materials for programmed, functional transformation in transient electronic systems,” Advanced Materials, 27(1), pp. 4752, 2015.
[43]Hwang, S.-W., Huang, X., Seo, J.-H., Song, J.-K., Kim, S., Hage-Ali, S., Chung, H.-J., Tao, H., Omenetto, F. G., Ma, Z., and Rogers, J. A., “Materials for bioresorbable radio frequency electronics,” Advanced Materials, 25(26), pp. 35263531, 2013.
[44]Hwang, S.-W., Song, J.-K., Huang, X., Cheng, H., Kang, S.-K., Kim, B. H., Kim, J.-H., Yu, S., Huang, Y., and Rogers, J. A., “High-performance biodegradable/transient electronics on biodegradable polymers,” Advanced Materials, 26(23), pp. 39053911, 2014.
[45]Son, D., Lee, J., Lee, D. J., Ghaffari, R., Yun, S., Kim, S. J., Lee, J. E., Cho, H. R., Yoon, S., Yang, S., Lee, S., Qiao, S., Ling, D., Shin, S., Song, J.-K., Kim, J., Kim, T., Lee, H., Kim, J., Soh, M., Lee, N., Hwang, C. S., Nam, S., Lu, N., Hyeon, T., Choi, S. H., and Kim, D.-H., “Bioresorbable electronic stent integrated with therapeutic nanoparticles for endovascular diseases,” ACS Nano, 9(6), pp. 59375946, 2015.
[46]Lee, C. H., Kim, H., Harburg, D. V., Park, G., Ma, Y., Pan, T., Kim, J. S., Lee, N. Y., Kim, B. H., Jang, K.-I., Kang, S.-K., Huang, Y., Kim, J., Lee, K.-M., Leal, C., and Rogers, J. A., “Biological lipid membranes for on-demand, wireless drug delivery from thin, bioresorbable electronic implants,” NPG Asia Mater, 7, p. e227, 2015.
[47]C. f. D. Control and Prevention, “National hospital discharge survey: 2010,” Atlanta (GA): CDC [online]. Available from URL: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhds. htm. [Accessed 2009 Nov. 9.] 2014.
[48]Salkind, A. R. and Rao, K. C., “Antiobiotic prophylaxis to prevent surgical site infections,” Am Fam Physician, 83(5), pp. 585590, 2011.
[49]Robinson, B. H., “E-waste: An assessment of global production and environmental impacts,” Science of The Total Environment, 408(2), pp. 183191, 2009.
[50]Luther, L., Managing Electronic Waste: Issues with Exporting E-Waste: DIANE Publishing Company, 2010.
[51]Spalvins, E., Dubey, B., and Townsend, T., “Impact of electronic waste disposal on lead concentrations in landfill leachate,” Environmental Science & Technology, 42(19), pp. 74527458, 2008.
[52]Babu, B. R., Parande, A. K., and Basha, C. A., “Electrical and electronic waste: a global environmental problem,” Waste Management & Research, 25(4), pp. 307318, 2007.
[53]Morf, L. S., Tremp, J., Gloor, R., Huber, Y., Stengele, M., and Zennegg, M., “Brominated flame retardants in waste electrical and electronic equipment: substance flows in a recycling plant,” Environmental Science & Technology, 39(22), pp. 86918699, 2005.
[54]Leung, A., Cai, Z. W., and Wong, M. H., “Environmental contamination from electronic waste recycling at Guiyu, southeast China,” Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 8(1), pp. 2133, 2006.
[55]Widmer, R., Oswald-Krapf, H., Sinha-Khetriwal, D., Schnellmann, M., and Böni, H., “Global perspectives on e-waste,” Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 25(5), pp. 436458, 2005.
[56]Chi, X., Streicher-Porte, M., Wang, M. Y., and Reuter, M. A., “Informal electronic waste recycling: a sector review with special focus on China,” Waste Management, 31(4), pp. 731742, 2011.
[57]Reck, B. K. and Graedel, T. E., “Challenges in metal recycling,” Science, 337(6095), pp. 690695, 2012.
[58]Underwood, E., Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition 4e: Elsevier, 2012.
[59]Demirel, S., Tuzen, M., Saracoglu, S., and Soylak, M., “Evaluation of various digestion procedures for trace element contents of some food materials,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, 152(3), pp. 10201026, 2008.
[60]Nielsen, F. H., “Essential and toxic trace elements in human health and disease,” Current Topics in Nutrition and Disease, 18, pp. 277292, 2008.
[61]Kirkland, N. T., “Magnesium biomaterials: past, present and future,” Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 47(5), pp. 322328, 2012.
[62]Hartwig, A., “Role of magnesium in genomic stability,” Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 475(1–2), pp. 113121, 2001.
[63]Damien, C. J. and Parsons, J. R., “Bone graft and bone graft substitutes: A review of current technology and applications,” Journal of Applied Biomaterials, 2(3), pp. 187208, 1991.
[64]Bohner, M., “Resorbable biomaterials as bone graft substitutes,” Materials Today, 13(1–2), pp. 2430, 2010.
[65]Witte, F., “The history of biodegradable magnesium implants: a review,” Acta Biomaterialia, 6(5), pp. 16801692, 2010.
[66]Chaya, A., Yoshizawa, S., Verdelis, K., Myers, N., Costello, B. J., Chou, D.-T., Pal, S., Maiti, S., Kumta, P. N., and Sfeir, C., “In vivo study of magnesium plate and screw degradation and bone fracture healing,” Acta Biomaterialia, 18, pp. 262269, 2015.
[67]Erbel, R., Di Mario, C., Bartunek, J., Bonnier, J., de Bruyne, B., Eberli, F. R., Erne, P., Haude, M., Heublein, B., Horrigan, M., Ilsley, C., Böse, D., Koolen, J., Lüscher, T. F., Weissman, N., and Waksman, R., “Temporary scaffolding of coronary arteries with bioabsorbable magnesium stents: a prospective, non-randomised multicentre trial,” The Lancet, 369(9576), pp. 18691875, 2007.
[68]Slottow, T. L. P., Pakala, R., Okabe, T., Hellinga, D., Lovec, R. J., Tio, F. O., Bui, A. B., and Waksman, R., “Optical coherence tomography and intravascular ultrasound imaging of bioabsorbable magnesium stent degradation in porcine coronary arteries,” Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine, 9(4), pp. 248254, 2008.
[69]Di Mario, C., Griffiths, H., Goktekin, O., Peeters, N., Verbist, J., Bosiers, M., Deloose, K., Heublein, B., Rohde, R., and Kasese, V., “Drug‐eluting bioabsorbable magnesium stent,” Journal of Interventional Cardiology, 17(6), pp. 391395, 2004.
[70]Tao, H., Hwang, S.-W., Marelli, B., An, B., Moreau, J. E., Yang, M., Brenckle, M. A., Kim, S., Kaplan, D. L., and Rogers, J. A., “Silk-based resorbable electronic devices for remotely controlled therapy and in vivo infection abatement,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(49), pp. 1738517389, 2014.
[71]Makar, G. and Kruger, J., “Corrosion of magnesium,” International Materials Reviews, 2013.
[72]Razavi, M., Fathi, M. H., Savabi, O., Vashaee, D., and Tayebi, L., “Biodegradation, bioactivity and in vivo biocompatibility analysis of plasma electrolytic oxidized (PEO) biodegradable Mg implants,” Physical Science International Journal, 4(5), p. 708, 2014.
[73]Wei Guo, K., “A review of magnesium/magnesium alloys corrosion,” Recent Patents on Corrosion Science, 1(1), pp. 7290, 2011.
[74]Song, G. and Song, S., “A possible biodegradable magnesium implant material,” Advanced Engineering Materials, 9(4), pp. 298302, 2007.
[75]Yuen, C. and Ip, W., “Theoretical risk assessment of magnesium alloys as degradable biomedical implants,” Acta Biomaterialia, 6(5), pp. 18081812, 2010.
[76]Pierson, D., Edick, J., Tauscher, A., Pokorney, E., Bowen, P., Gelbaugh, J., Stinson, J., Getty, H., Lee, C. H., Drelich, J., and Goldman, J., “A simplified in vivo approach for evaluating the bioabsorbable behavior of candidate stent materials,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 100B(1), pp. 5867, 2012.
[77]Gray‐Munro, J. and Strong, M., “The mechanism of deposition of calcium phosphate coatings from solution onto magnesium alloy AZ31,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 90(2), pp. 339350, 2009.
[78]Zhang, Y., Zhang, G., and Wei, M., “Controlling the biodegradation rate of magnesium using biomimetic apatite coating,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 89(2), pp. 408414, 2009.
[79]Wong, H. M., Yeung, K. W., Lam, K. O., Tam, V., Chu, P. K., Luk, K. D., and Cheung, K. M., “A biodegradable polymer-based coating to control the performance of magnesium alloy orthopaedic implants,” Biomaterials, 31(8), pp. 20842096, 2010.
[80]Li, M., Cheng, Y., Zheng, Y., Zhang, X., Xi, T., and Wei, S., “Surface characteristics and corrosion behaviour of WE43 magnesium alloy coated by SiC film,” Applied Surface Science, 258(7), pp. 30743081, 2012.
[81]Hu, J., Li, Q., Zhong, X., and Kang, W., “Novel anti-corrosion silicon dioxide coating prepared by sol–gel method for AZ91D magnesium alloy,” Progress in Organic Coatings, 63(1), pp. 1317, 2008.
[82]Song, Y., Shan, D., and Han, E., “Electrodeposition of hydroxyapatite coating on AZ91D magnesium alloy for biomaterial application,” Materials Letters, 62(17), pp. 32763279, 2008.
[83]Gray, J. and Luan, B., “Protective coatings on magnesium and its alloys—a critical review,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 336(1), pp. 88113, 2002.
[84]Altun, H. and Sen, S., “The effect of DC magnetron sputtering AlN coatings on the corrosion behaviour of magnesium alloys,” Surface and Coatings Technology, 197(2), pp. 193200, 2005.
[85]Song, G., “Control of biodegradation of biocompatable magnesium alloys,” Corrosion Science, 49(4), pp. 16961701, 2007.
[86]Kirkland, N. T., Birbilis, N., Walker, J., Woodfield, T., Dias, G. J., and Staiger, M. P., “In-vitro dissolution of magnesium–calcium binary alloys: Clarifying the unique role of calcium additions in bioresorbable magnesium implant alloys,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 95B(1), pp. 91100, 2010.
[87]Zhang, S., Zhang, X., Zhao, C., Li, J., Song, Y., Xie, C., Tao, H., Zhang, Y., He, Y., Jiang, Y., and Bian, Y., “Research on an Mg–Zn alloy as a degradable biomaterial,” Acta Biomaterialia, 6(2), pp. 626640, 2010.
[88]Seitz, J. M., Eifler, R., Stahl, J., Kietzmann, M., and Bach, F. W., “Characterization of MgNd2 alloy for potential applications in bioresorbable implantable devices,” Acta Biomaterialia, 8(10), pp. 38523864, 2012.
[89]Nie, J., Gao, X., and Zhu, S.-M., “Enhanced age hardening response and creep resistance of Mg–Gd alloys containing Zn,” Scripta Materialia, 53(9), pp. 10491053, 2005.
[90]Brar, H. S., Platt, M. O., Sarntinoranont, M., Martin, P. I., and Manuel, M. V., “Magnesium as a biodegradable and bioabsorbable material for medical implants,” JOM, 61(9), pp. 3134, 2009.
[91]Cao, J. D., Kirkland, N. T., Laws, K. J., Birbilis, N., and Ferry, M., “Ca–Mg–Zn bulk metallic glasses as bioresorbable metals,” Acta Biomaterialia, 8(6), pp. 23752383, 2012.
[92]Li, H., Zheng, Y., and Qin, L., “Progress of biodegradable metals,” Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 24(5), pp. 414422, 2014.
[93]MacDonald, R. S., “The role of zinc in growth and cell proliferation,” The Journal of Nutrition, 130(5), pp. 1500S1508S, 2000.
[94]Wold, M. S., “Replication protein A: a heterotrimeric, single-stranded DNA-binding protein required for eukaryotic DNA metabolism,” Annual Review of Biochemistry, 66(1), pp. 6192, 1997.
[95]Wu, F. and Wu, C.-W., “Zinc in DNA replication and transcription,” Annual Review of Nutrition, 7(1), pp. 251272, 1987.
[96]Yamaguchi, M., “Role of zinc in bone formation and bone resorption,” The Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine, 11(2–3), pp. 119135, 1998.
[97]Brandão-Neto, J., Stefan, V., Mendonça, B. B., Bloise, W., and Castro, A. V. B., “The essential role of zinc in growth,” Nutrition Research, 15(3), pp. 335358, 1995.
[98]Bowen, P. K., Guillory Ii, R. J., Shearier, E. R., Seitz, J.-M., Drelich, J., Bocks, M., Zhao, F., and Goldman, J., “Metallic zinc exhibits optimal biocompatibility for bioabsorbable endovascular stents,” Materials Science and Engineering: C, 56, pp.467472, 2015.
[99]Yun, Y., Dong, Z., Yang, D., Schulz, M. J., Shanov, V. N., Yarmolenko, S., Xu, Z., Kumta, P., and Sfeir, C., “Biodegradable Mg corrosion and osteoblast cell culture studies,” Materials Science and Engineering: C, 29(6), pp. 18141821, 2009.
[100]Pistofidis, N., Vourlias, G., Konidaris, S., Pavlidou, E., Stergiou, A., and Stergioudis, G., “The effect of bismuth on the structure of zinc hot-dip galvanized coatings,” Materials Letters, 61(4–5), pp. 994997, 2007.
[101]Zhang, X., Lin, S., Lu, X.-Q., and Z.-l. Chen, “Removal of Pb(II) from water using synthesized kaolin supported nanoscale zero-valent iron,” Chemical Engineering Journal, 163(3), pp. 243248, 2010.
[102]Bowen, P. K., Drelich, J., and Goldman, J., “Zinc exhibits ideal physiological corrosion behavior for bioabsorbable stents,” Advanced Materials, 25(18), pp. 25772582, 2013.
[103]Vojtěch, D., Kubásek, J., Šerák, J., and Novák, P., “Mechanical and corrosion properties of newly developed biodegradable Zn-based alloys for bone fixation,” Acta Biomaterialia, 7(9), pp. 35153522, 2011.
[104]Törne, K., Larsson, M., Norlin, A., and Weissenrieder, J., “Degradation of zinc in saline solutions, plasma, and whole blood,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 104(6), pp. 11411151, 2016.
[105]Hennig, B., Toborek, M., and McClain, C. J., “Antiatherogenic properties of zinc: implications in endothelial cell metabolism,” Nutrition, 12(10), pp. 711717, 1996.
[106]Liu, X., Sun, J., Yang, Y., Pu, Z., and Zheng, Y., “In vitro investigation of ultra-pure Zn and its mini-tube as potential bioabsorbable stent material,” Materials Letters, 161, pp. 5356, 2015.
[107]Zhao, L., Zhang, Z., Song, Y., Liu, S., Qi, Y., Wang, X., Wang, Q., and Cui, C., “Mechanical properties and in vitro biodegradation of newly developed porous Zn scaffolds for biomedical applications,” Materials & Design, 108, pp. 136144, 2016.
[108]Vojtěch, D., Kubasek, J., Šerák, J., and Novak, P., “Mechanical and corrosion properties of newly developed biodegradable Zn-based alloys for bone fixation,” Acta Biomaterialia, 7(9), pp. 35153522, 2011.
[109]Bolz, A. and Popp, T., “Implantable, bioresorbable vessel wall support, in particular coronary stent,” Google Patents, 2001.
[110]Othman, R., Yahaya, A., and Arof, A. K., “A zinc–air cell employing a porous zinc electrode fabricated from zinc–graphite-natural biodegradable polymer paste,” Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 32(12), pp. 13471353, 2002.
[111]Huang, X., Liu, Y., Hwang, S.-W., Kang, S.-K., Patnaik, D., Cortes, J. F., and Rogers, J. A., “Biodegradable materials for multilayer transient printed circuit boards,” Advanced Materials, 26(43), pp. 73717377, 2014.
[112]Bianco, A., Kostarelos, K., and Prato, M., “Making carbon nanotubes biocompatible and biodegradable,” Chemical Communications, 47(37), pp. 1018210188, 2011.
[113]Jesion, I., Skibniewski, M., Skibniewska, E., Strupiński, W., Szulc-Dąbrowska, L., Krajewska, A., Pasternak, I., Kowalczyk, P., and Pińkowski, R., “Graphene and carbon nanocompounds: biofunctionalization and applications in tissue engineering,” Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 29(3), pp. 415422, 2015.
[114]Wang, Q., Wang, C., Zhang, M., Jian, M., and Zhang, Y., “Feeding single-walled carbon nanotubes or graphene to silkworms for reinforced silk fibers,” Nano Letters, 16(10), pp. 66956700, 2016.
[115]Rancan, F., Papakostas, D., Hadam, S., Hackbarth, S., Delair, T., Primard, C., Verrier, B., Sterry, W., Blume-Peytavi, U., and Vogt, A., “Investigation of polylactic acid (PLA) nanoparticles as drug delivery systems for local dermatotherapy,” Pharmaceutical Research, 26(8), pp. 20272036, 2009.
[116]Oksman, K., Skrifvars, M., and Selin, J. F., “Natural fibres as reinforcement in polylactic acid (PLA) composites,” Composites Science and Technology, 63(9), pp. 13171324, 2003.
[117]Cheng, Y., Deng, S., Chen, P., and Ruan, R., “Polylactic acid (PLA) synthesis and modifications: a review,” Frontiers of Chemistry in China, 4(3), pp. 259264, 2009.
[118]Shawe, S., Buchanan, F., Harkin-Jones, E., and Farrar, D., “A study on the rate of degradation of the bioabsorbable polymer polyglycolic acid (PGA),” Journal of Materials Science, 41(15), pp. 48324838, 2006.
[119]Shum, A. W. T. and Mak, A. F. T., “Morphological and biomechanical characterization of poly(glycolic acid) scaffolds after in vitro degradation,” Polymer Degradation and Stability, 81(1), pp. 141149, 2003.
[120]Day, R. M., Boccaccini, A. R., Shurey, S., Roether, J. A., Forbes, A., Hench, L. L., and Gabe, S. M., “Assessment of polyglycolic acid mesh and bioactive glass for soft-tissue engineering scaffolds,” Biomaterials, 25(27), pp. 58575866, 2004.
[121]Sarkar, S., Lee, G. Y., Wong, J. Y., and Desai, T. A., “Development and characterization of a porous micro-patterned scaffold for vascular tissue engineering applications,” Biomaterials, 27(27), pp. 47754782, 2006.
[122], J.-M., Wang, X., Marin-Muller, C., Wang, H., Lin, P. H., Yao, Q., and Chen, C., “Current advances in research and clinical applications of PLGA-based nanotechnology,” Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 9(4), pp. 325341, 2009.
[123]Roy, T. D., Simon, J. L., Ricci, J. L., Rekow, E. D., Thompson, V. P., and Parsons, J. R., “Performance of degradable composite bone repair products made via three-dimensional fabrication techniques,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 66A(2), pp. 283291, 2003.
[124]de Valence, S., Tille, J.-C., Mugnai, D., Mrowczynski, W., Gurny, R., Möller, M., and Walpoth, B. H., “Long term performance of polycaprolactone vascular grafts in a rat abdominal aorta replacement model,” Biomaterials, 33(1), pp. 3847, 2012.
[125]Lee, K. H., Kim, H. Y., Khil, M. S., Ra, Y. M., and Lee, D. R., “Characterization of nano-structured poly(ε-caprolactone) nonwoven mats via electrospinning,” Polymer, 44(4), pp. 12871294, 2003.
[126]Chawla, J. S. and Amiji, M. M., “Biodegradable poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles for tumor-targeted delivery of tamoxifen,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 249(1–2), pp. 127138, 2002.
[127]Zhao, K., Deng, Y., Chun Chen, J., and Chen, G.-Q., “Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) scaffolds with good mechanical properties and biocompatibility,” Biomaterials, 24(6), pp. 10411045, 2003.
[128]Zinn, M., Witholt, B., and Egli, T., “Occurrence, synthesis and medical application of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate,” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 53(1), pp. 521, 2001.
[129]Shishatskaya, E. I., Volova, T. G., Puzyr, A. P., Mogilnaya, O. A., and Efremov, S. N., “Tissue response to the implantation of biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate sutures,” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 15(6), pp. 719728, 2004.
[130]Tan, L., Yu, X., Wan, P., and Yang, K., “Biodegradable materials for bone repairs: A review,” Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 29(6), pp. 503513, 2013.
[131]Lasprilla, A. J. R., Martinez, G. A. R., Lunelli, B. H., Jardini, A. L., and Filho, R. M., “Poly-lactic acid synthesis for application in biomedical devices – A review,” Biotechnology Advances, 30(1), pp. 321328, 2012.
[132]Tang, Z. G., Black, R. A., Curran, J. M., Hunt, J. A., Rhodes, N. P., and Williams, D. F., “Surface properties and biocompatibility of solvent-cast poly[ε-caprolactone] films,” Biomaterials, 25(19), pp. 47414748, 2004.
[133]Hwang, C., Park, Y., Park, J., Lee, K., Sun, K., Khademhosseini, A., and Lee, S. H., “Controlled cellular orientation on PLGA microfibers with defined diameters,” Biomedical Microdevices, 11(4), pp. 739746, 2009.
[134]Zhang, Y., Ouyang, H., Lim, C. T., Ramakrishna, S., and Huang, Z. M., “Electrospinning of gelatin fibers and gelatin/PCL composite fibrous scaffolds,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 72(1), pp. 156165, 2005.
[135]Rhim, J.-W., Mohanty, A. K., Singh, S. P., and Ng, P. K. W., “Effect of the processing methods on the performance of polylactide films: Thermocompression versus solvent casting,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 101(6), pp. 37363742, 2006.
[136]Harris, A. M. and Lee, E. C., “Improving mechanical performance of injection molded PLA by controlling crystallinity,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 107(4), pp. 22462255, 2008.
[137]Maquet, V. and Jerome, R., “Design of macroporous biodegradable polymer scaffolds for cell transplantation,” in Materials Science Forum, 1997, pp. 1542.
[138]Harris, L. D., Kim, B.-S., and Mooney, D. J., “Open pore biodegradable matrices formed with gas foaming,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 42(3), pp. 396402, 1998.
[139]Kim, T. K., Yoon, J. J., Lee, D. S., and Park, T. G., “Gas foamed open porous biodegradable polymeric microspheres,” Biomaterials, 27(2), pp. 152159, 2006.
[140]Danhier, F., Ansorena, E., Silva, J. M., Coco, R., Le Breton, A., and Préat, V., “PLGA-based nanoparticles: An overview of biomedical applications,” Journal of Controlled Release, 161(2), pp. 505522, 2012.
[141]Hu, J., Prabhakaran, M. P., Tian, L., Ding, X., and Ramakrishna, S., “Drug-loaded emulsion electrospun nanofibers: characterization, drug release and in vitro biocompatibility,” RSC Advances, 5(121), pp. 100256100267, 2015.
[142]Peponi, L., Navarro-Baena, I., Sonseca, A., Gimenez, E., Marcos-Fernandez, A., and Kenny, J. M., “Synthesis and characterization of PCL–PLLA polyurethane with shape memory behavior,” European Polymer Journal, 49(4), pp. 893903, 2013.
[143]Yu, X., Wang, L., Huang, M., Gong, T., Li, W., Cao, Y., Ji, D., Wang, P., Wang, J., and Zhou, S., “A shape memory stent of poly(ε-caprolactone-co-dl-lactide) copolymer for potential treatment of esophageal stenosis,” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 23(2), pp. 581589, 2012.
[144]Wang, W., Ping, P., Chen, X., and Jing, X., “Biodegradable polyurethane based on random copolymer of L-lactide and ϵ-caprolactone and its shape-memory property,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 104(6), pp. 41824187, 2007.
[145]Cohn, D. and Hotovely Salomon, A., “Designing biodegradable multiblock PCL/PLA thermoplastic elastomers,” Biomaterials, 26(15), pp. 22972305, 2005.
[146]Choi, S. H. and Park, T. G., “Synthesis and characterization of elastic PLGA/PCL/PLGA tri-block copolymers,” Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 13(10), pp. 11631173, 2002.
[147]Shishatskaya, E. I., Volova, T. G., Gordeev, S. A., and Puzyr, A. P., “Degradation of P(3HB) and P(3HB-co-3HV) in biological media,” Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 16(5), pp. 643657, 2005.
[148]Valappil, S. P., Misra, S. K., Boccaccini, A. R., and Roy, I., “Biomedical applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates, an overview of animal testing and in vivo responses,” Expert Review of Medical Devices, 3(6), pp. 853868, 2006.
[149]Philip, S., Keshavarz, T., and Roy, I., “Polyhydroxyalkanoates: biodegradable polymers with a range of applications,” Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 82(3), pp. 233247, 2007.
[150]Hinüber, C., Chwalek, K., Pan-Montojo, F. J., Nitschke, M., Vogel, R., Brünig, H., Heinrich, G., and Werner, C., “Hierarchically structured nerve guidance channels based on poly-3-hydroxybutyrate enhance oriented axonal outgrowth,” Acta Biomaterialia, 10(5), pp. 20862095, 2014.
[151]Nigmatullin, R., Thomas, P., Lukasiewicz, B., Puthussery, H., and Roy, I., “Polyhydroxyalkanoates, a family of natural polymers, and their applications in drug delivery,” Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 90(7), pp. 12091221, 2015.
[152]Francis, L., Meng, D., Knowles, J., Keshavarz, T., Boccaccini, A. R., and Roy, I., “Controlled delivery of gentamicin using poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) microspheres,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12(7), pp. 42944314, 2011.
[153]An, J., Wang, K., Chen, S., Kong, M., Teng, Y., Wang, L., Song, C., Kong, D., and Wang, S., “Biodegradability, cellular compatibility and cell infiltration of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) in comparison with poly (ε-caprolactone) and poly (lactide-co-glycolide),” Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers: Biomedical Applications, 30(2), pp. 209221, 2015.
[154]Ulery, B. D., Nair, L. S., and Laurencin, C. T., “Biomedical applications of biodegradable polymers,” Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 49(12), pp. 832864, 2011.
[155]Kellomäki, M., Niiranen, H., Puumanen, K., Ashammakhi, N., Waris, T., and Törmälä, P., “Bioabsorbable scaffolds for guided bone regeneration and generation,” Biomaterials, 21(24), pp. 24952505, 2000.
[156]Sheridan, M. H., Shea, L. D., Peters, M. C., and Mooney, D. J., “Bioabsorbable polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering capable of sustained growth factor delivery,” Journal of Controlled Release, 64(1–3), pp. 91102, 2000.
[157]van der Elst, M., Klein, C. P. A. T., de Blieck-Hogervorst, J. M., Patka, P., and Haarman, H. J. T. M., “Bone tissue response to biodegradable polymers used for intra medullary fracture fixation: A long-term in vivo study in sheep femora,” Biomaterials, 20(2), pp. 121128, 1999.
[158]Vainionpää, S., Kilpikari, J., Laiho, J., Helevirta, P., Rokkanen, P., and Törmälä, P., “Strength and strength retention vitro, of absorbable, self-reinforced polyglycolide (PGA) rods for fracture fixation,” Biomaterials, 8(1), pp. 4648, 1987.
[159]Rai, B., Teoh, S. H., Hutmacher, D. W., Cao, T., and Ho, K. H., “Novel PCL-based honeycomb scaffolds as drug delivery systems for rhBMP-2,” Biomaterials, 26(17), pp. 37393748, 2005.
[160]Grube, E., Sonoda, S., Ikeno, F., Honda, Y., Kar, S., Chan, C., Gerckens, U., Lansky, A. J., and Fitzgerald, P. J., “Six-and twelve-month results from first human experience using everolimus-eluting stents with bioabsorbable polymer,” Circulation, 109(18), pp. 21682171, 2004.
[161]Erne, P., Schier, M., and Resink, T. J., “The road to bioabsorbable stents: Reaching clinical reality?,” CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology, 29(1), pp. 1116, 2006.
[162]Bettinger, C. J. and Bao, Z., “Organic thin-film transistors fabricated on resorbable biomaterial substrates,” Advanced Materials, 22(5), pp. 651655, 2010.
[163]Campana, A., Cramer, T., Simon, D. T., Berggren, M., and Biscarini, F., “Electrocardiographic recording with conformable organic electrochemical transistor fabricated on resorbable bioscaffold,” Advanced Materials, 26(23), pp. 38743878, 2014.
[164]Yu, K. J., Kuzum, D., Hwang, S.-W., Kim, B. H., Juul, H., Kim, N. H., Won, S. M., Chiang, K., Trumpis, M., Richardson, A. G., Cheng, H., Fang, H., Thompson, M., Bink, H., Talos, D., Seo, K. J., Lee, H. N., Kang, S.-K., Kim, J.-H., Lee, J. Y., Huang, Y., Jensen, F. E., Dichter, M. A., Lucas, T. H., Viventi, J., Litt, B., and Rogers, J. A., “Bioresorbable silicon electronics for transient spatiotemporal mapping of electrical activity from the cerebral cortex,” Nat Mater, 15(7), pp. 782791, 2016.
[165]Yin, L., Huang, X., Xu, H., Zhang, Y., Lam, J., Cheng, J., and Rogers, J. A., “Materials, designs, and operational characteristics for fully biodegradable primary batteries,” Advanced Materials, 26(23), pp. 38793884, 2014.
[166]Kang, S.-K., Murphy, R. K. J., Hwang, S.-W., Lee, S. M., Harburg, D. V., Krueger, N. A., Shin, J., Gamble, P., Cheng, H., Yu, S., Liu, Z., McCall, J. G., Stephen, M., Ying, H., Kim, J., Park, G., Webb, R. C., Lee, C. H., Chung, S., Wie, D. S., Gujar, A. D., Vemulapalli, B., Kim, A. H., Lee, K.-M., Cheng, J., Huang, Y., Lee, S. H., Braun, P. V., Ray, W. Z., and Rogers, J. A., “Bioresorbable silicon electronic sensors for the brain,” Nature, 530(7588), pp. 7176, 2016.
[167]Hennink, W. E. and van Nostrum, C. F., “Novel crosslinking methods to design hydrogels,” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 64, Supplement, pp. 223236, 2012.
[168]Zhu, J., “Bioactive modification of poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels for tissue engineering,” Biomaterials, 31(17), pp. 46394656, 2010.
[169]Revzin, A., Russell, R. J., Yadavalli, V. K., Koh, W.-G., Deister, C., Hile, D. D., Mellott, M. B., and Pishko, M. V., “Fabrication of poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel microstructures using photolithography,” Langmuir, 17(18), pp. 54405447, 2001.
[170]Koh, W.-G., Revzin, A., and Pishko, M. V., “Poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel microstructures encapsulating living cells,” Langmuir, 18(7), pp. 24592462, 2002.
[171]Otsuka, H., Nagasaki, Y., and Kataoka, K., “Self-assembly of poly(ethylene glycol)-based block copolymers for biomedical applications,” Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 6(1), pp. 310, 2001.
[172]Alconcel, S. N. S., Baas, A. S., and Maynard, H. D., “FDA-approved poly(ethylene glycol)-protein conjugate drugs,” Polymer Chemistry, 2(7), pp. 14421448, 2011.
[173]Mellott, M. B., Searcy, K., and Pishko, M. V., “Release of protein from highly cross-linked hydrogels of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate fabricated by UV polymerization,” Biomaterials, 22(9), pp. 929941, 2001.
[174]Revzin, A., Tompkins, R. G., and Toner, M., “Surface engineering with poly(ethylene glycol) photolithography to create high-density cell arrays on glass,” Langmuir, 19(23), pp. 98559862, 2003.
[175]Nguyen, K. T. and West, J. L., “Photopolymerizable hydrogels for tissue engineering applications,” Biomaterials, 23(22), pp. 43074314, 2002.
[176]Mann, B. K., Gobin, A. S., Tsai, A. T., Schmedlen, R. H., and West, J. L., “Smooth muscle cell growth in photopolymerized hydrogels with cell adhesive and proteolytically degradable domains: synthetic ECM analogs for tissue engineering,” Biomaterials, 22(22), pp. 30453051, 2001.
[177]Gaharwar, A. K., Rivera, C. P., Wu, C.-J., and Schmidt, G., “Transparent, elastomeric and tough hydrogels from poly(ethylene glycol) and silicate nanoparticles,” Acta Biomaterialia, 7(12), pp. 41394148, 2011.
[178]Fujiwara, T., Mukose, T., Yamaoka, T., Yamane, H., Sakurai, S., and Kimura, Y., “Novel thermo‐responsive formation of a hydrogel by stereo‐complexation between PLLA‐PEG‐PLLA and PDLA‐PEG‐PDLA block copolymers,” Macromolecular Bioscience, 1(5), pp. 204208, 2001.
[179]Nagahama, K., Fujiura, K., Enami, S., Ouchi, T., and Ohya, Y., “Irreversible temperature‐responsive formation of high‐strength hydrogel from an enantiomeric mixture of starburst triblock copolymers consisting of 8‐arm PEG and PLLA or PDLA,” Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 46(18), pp. 63176332, 2008.
[180]Gong, C., Shi, S., Wu, L., Gou, M., Yin, Q., Guo, Q., Dong, P., Zhang, F., Luo, F., and Zhao, X., “Biodegradable in situ gel-forming controlled drug delivery system based on thermosensitive PCL–PEG–PCL hydrogel. Part 2: Sol–gel–sol transition and drug delivery behavior,” Acta Biomaterialia, 5(9), pp. 33583370, 2009.
[181]Liu, C. B., Gong, C. Y., Huang, M. J., Wang, J. W., Pan, Y. F., Zhang, Y. D., Li, G. Z., Gou, M. L., Wang, K., and Tu, M. J., “Thermoreversible gel–sol behavior of biodegradable PCL–PEG–PCL triblock copolymer in aqueous solutions,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 84(1), pp. 165175, 2008.
[182]Qiao, M., Chen, D., Ma, X., and Liu, Y., “Injectable biodegradable temperature-responsive PLGA–PEG–PLGA copolymers: Synthesis and effect of copolymer composition on the drug release from the copolymer-based hydrogels,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 294(1–2), pp. 103112, 2005.
[183]Choi, S., Baudys, M., and Kim, S. W., “Control of blood glucose by novel GLP-1 delivery using biodegradable triblock copolymer of PLGA-PEG-PLGA in type 2 diabetic rats,” Pharmaceutical Research, 21(5), pp. 827831, 2004.
[184]Douglas, A., Muralidharan, N., Carter, R., Share, K., and Pint, C. L., “Ultrafast triggered transient energy storage by atomic layer deposition into porous silicon for integrated transient electronics,” Nanoscale, 8(14), pp. 73847390, 2016.
[185]Kim, K.-H., Jeong, L., Park, H.-N., Shin, S.-Y., Park, W.-H., Lee, S.-C., Kim, T.-I., Park, Y.-J., Seol, Y.-J., Lee, Y.-M., Ku, Y., Rhyu, I.-C., Han, S.-B., and Chung, C.-P., “Biological efficacy of silk fibroin nanofiber membranes for guided bone regeneration,” Journal of Biotechnology, 120(3), pp. 327339, 2005.
[186]Wenk, E., Merkle, H. P., and Meinel, L., “Silk fibroin as a vehicle for drug delivery applications,” Journal of Controlled Release, 150(2), pp. 128141, 2011.
[187]Hämmerle, C. H. F. and Lang, N. P., “Single stage surgery combining transmucosal implant placement with guided bone regeneration and bioresorbable materials,” Clinical Oral Implants Research, 12(1), pp. 918, 2001.
[188]Sell, S. A., McClure, M. J., Garg, K., Wolfe, P. S., and Bowlin, G. L., “Electrospinning of collagen/biopolymers for regenerative medicine and cardiovascular tissue engineering,” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 61(12), pp. 10071019, 2009.
[189]Kuijpers, A., Van Wachem, P., Van Luyn, M., Plantinga, J., Engbers, G., Krijgsveld, J., Zaat, S., Dankert, J., and Feijen, J., “In vivo compatibility and degradation of crosslinked gelatin gels incorporated in knitted Dacron,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 51(1), pp. 136145, 2000.
[190]Duconseille, A., Astruc, T., Quintana, N., Meersman, F., and Sante-Lhoutellier, V., “Gelatin structure and composition linked to hard capsule dissolution: a review,” Food Hydrocolloids, 43, pp. 360376, 2015.
[191]Partridge, S. and Davis, H., “The chemistry of connective tissues. 3. Composition of the soluble proteins derived from elastin,” Biochemical Journal, 61(1), p. 21, 1955.
[192]Grover, C. N., Cameron, R. E., and Best, S. M., “Investigating the morphological, mechanical and degradation properties of scaffolds comprising collagen, gelatin and elastin for use in soft tissue engineering,” Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 10, pp. 6274, 2012.
[193]Chang, J. W., Wang, C. G., Huang, C. Y., Tzung‐Da, T., Guo, T. F., and Wen, T. C., “Chicken albumen dielectrics in organic field-effect transistors,” Advanced Materials, 23(35), pp. 4077–81, 2011.
[194]Li, M., Mondrinos, M. J., Gandhi, M. R., Ko, F. K., Weiss, A. S., and Lelkes, P. I., “Electrospun protein fibers as matrices for tissue engineering,” Biomaterials, 26(30), pp. 59996008, 2005.
[195]Qiu, W., Huang, Y., Teng, W., Cohn, C. M., Cappello, J., and Wu, X., “Complete recombinant silk-elastinlike protein-based tissue scaffold,” Biomacromolecules, 11(12), pp. 32193227, 2010.
[196]Yeo, I.-S., Oh, J.-E., Jeong, L., Lee, T. S., Lee, S. J., Park, W. H., and Min, B.-M., “Collagen-based biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds: Preparation and characterization of collagen/silk fibroin bicomponent nanofibrous structures,” Biomacromolecules, 9(4), pp. 11061116, 2008.
[197]Zilberman, M., Schwade, N. D., and Eberhart, R. C., “Protein-loaded bioresorbable fibers and expandable stents: Mechanical properties and protein release,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 69B(1), pp. 110, 2004.
[198]Asai, D., Xu, D., Liu, W., Garcia Quiroz, F., Callahan, D. J., Zalutsky, M. R., Craig, S. L., and Chilkoti, A., “Protein polymer hydrogels by in situ, rapid and reversible self-gelation,” Biomaterials, 33(21), pp. 54515458, 2012.
[199]Kundu, B., Rajkhowa, R., Kundu, S. C., and Wang, X., “Silk fibroin biomaterials for tissue regenerations,” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 65(4), pp. 457470, 2013.
[200]Gui‐Bo, Y., You‐Zhu, Z., Shu‐Dong, W., De‐Bing, S., Zhi‐Hui, D., and Wei‐Guo, F., “Study of the electrospun PLA/silk fibroin‐gelatin composite nanofibrous scaffold for tissue engineering,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 93(1), pp. 158163, 2010.
[201]Cheung, H.-Y., Lau, K.-T., Tao, X.-M., and Hui, D., “A potential material for tissue engineering: Silkworm silk/PLA biocomposite,” Composites Part B: Engineering, 39(6), pp. 10261033, 2008.
[202]Li, M., Mondrinos, M. J., Chen, X., Gandhi, M. R., Ko, F. K., and Lelkes, P. I., “Co‐electrospun poly (lactide‐co‐glycolide), gelatin, and elastin blends for tissue engineering scaffolds,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 79(4), pp. 963973, 2006.
[203]Meng, Z., Wang, Y., Ma, C., Zheng, W., Li, L., and Zheng, Y., “Electrospinning of PLGA/gelatin randomly-oriented and aligned nanofibers as potential scaffold in tissue engineering,” Materials Science and Engineering: C, 30(8), pp. 12041210, 2010.
[204]Li, L., Li, H., Qian, Y., Li, X., Singh, G. K., Zhong, L., Liu, W., Lv, Y., Cai, K., and Yang, L., “Electrospun poly (ɛ-caprolactone)/silk fibroin core-sheath nanofibers and their potential applications in tissue engineering and drug release,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 49(2), pp. 223232, 2011.
[205]Jeon, D.-B., Bak, J.-Y., and Yoon, S.-M., “Oxide thin-film transistors fabricated using biodegradable gate dielectric layer of chicken albumen,” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 52(12 R), p. 128002, 2013.
[206]Capelli, R., Amsden, J. J., Generali, G., Toffanin, S., Benfenati, V., Muccini, M., Kaplan, D., Omenetto, F., and Zamboni, R., “Integration of silk protein in organic and light-emitting transistors,” Organic Electronics, 12(7), pp. 11461151, 2011.
[207]Lour, W. S., Liu, W. C., Tsai, J. H., and Laih, L. W., “High‐performance camel‐gate field effect transistor using high‐medium‐low doped structure,” Applied Physics Letters, 67(18), pp. 26362638, 1995.
[208]Mao, L.-K., Hwang, J.-C., Chang, T.-H., Hsieh, C.-Y., Tsai, L.-S., Chueh, Y.-L., Hsu, S. S., Lyu, P.-C., and Liu, T.-J., “Pentacene organic thin-film transistors with solution-based gelatin dielectric,” Organic Electronics, 14(4), pp. 11701176, 2013.
[209]Zhang, W.-H., Jiang, B.-J., and Yang, P., “Proteins as functional interlayer in organic field-effect transistor,” Chinese Chemical Letters.
[210]Im, H., Huang, X.-J., Gu, B., and Choi, Y.-K., “A dielectric-modulated field-effect transistor for biosensing,” Nature Nanotechnology, 2(7), pp. 430434, 2007.
[211]Hu, P., Fasoli, A., Park, J., Choi, Y., Estrela, P., Maeng, S. L., Milne, W. I., and Ferrari, A. C., “Self-assembled nanotube field-effect transistors for label-free protein biosensors,” Journal of Applied Physics, 104(7), p. 074310, 2008.
[212]Minamiki, T., Minami, T., Koutnik, P., Anzenbacher, P. Jr, and Tokito, S., “Antibody- and label-free phosphoprotein sensor device based on an organic transistor,” Analytical Chemistry, 88(2), pp. 10921095, 2016.
[213]Cid, C. C., Riu, J., Maroto, A., and Rius, F. X., “Carbon nanotube field effect transistors for the fast and selective detection of human immunoglobulin G,” Analyst, 133(8), pp. 10051008, 2008.
[214]Park, K.-Y., Sohn, Y.-S., Kim, C.-K., Kim, H.-S., Bae, Y.-S., and Choi, S.-Y., “Development of FET-type albumin sensor for diagnosing nephritis,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 23(12), pp. 19041907, 2008.
[215]Chen, J., Vongsanga, K., Wang, X., and Byrne, N., “What happens during natural protein fibre dissolution in ionic liquids,” Materials, 7(9), pp. 61586168, 2014.
[216]Rockwood, D. N., Preda, R. C., Yucel, T., Wang, X., Lovett, M. L., and Kaplan, D. L., “Materials fabrication from Bombyx mori silk fibroin,” Nat. Protocols, 6(10), pp. 16121631, 2011.
[217]Keten, S., Xu, Z., Ihle, B., and Buehler, M. J., “Nanoconfinement controls stiffness, strength and mechanical toughness of [beta]-sheet crystals in silk,” Nat Mater, 9(4), pp. 359367, 2010.
[218]Lefèvre, T., Rousseau, M.-E., and Pézolet, M., “Protein secondary structure and orientation in silk as revealed by Raman spectromicroscopy,” Biophysical Journal, 92(8), pp. 28852895, 2007.
[219]Hu, X., Shmelev, K., Sun, L., Gil, E.-S., Park, S.-H., Cebe, P., and Kaplan, D. L., “Regulation of silk material structure by temperature-controlled water vapor annealing,” Biomacromolecules, 12(5), pp. 16861696, 2011.
[220]Li, M., Ogiso, M., and Minoura, N., “Enzymatic degradation behavior of porous silk fibroin sheets,” Biomaterials, 24(2), pp. 357365, 2003.
[221]Arai, T., Freddi, G., Innocenti, R., and Tsukada, M., “Biodegradation of Bombyx mori silk fibroin fibers and films,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 91(4), pp. 23832390, 2004.
[222]Chen, K., Umeda, Y., and Hirabayashi, K., “Enzymatic hydrolysis of silk fibroin,” The Journal of Sericultural Science of Japan, 65(2), pp. 131133, 1996.
[223]Pritchard, E. M. and Kaplan, D. L., “Silk fibroin biomaterials for controlled release drug delivery,” Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 8(6), pp. 797811, 2011.
[224]Wang, X., Yucel, T., Lu, Q., Hu, X., and Kaplan, D. L., “Silk nanospheres and microspheres from silk/pva blend films for drug delivery,” Biomaterials, 31(6), pp. 10251035, 2010.
[225]Lammel, A. S., Hu, X., Park, S.-H., Kaplan, D. L., and Scheibel, T. R., “Controlling silk fibroin particle features for drug delivery,” Biomaterials, 31(16), pp. 45834591, 2010.
[226]Enomoto, S., Sumi, M., Kajimoto, K., Nakazawa, Y., Takahashi, R., Takabayashi, C., Asakura, T., and Sata, M., “Long-term patency of small-diameter vascular graft made from fibroin, a silk-based biodegradable material,” Journal of Vascular Surgery, 51(1), pp. 155164, 2010.
[227]Nakazawa, Y., Sato, M., Takahashi, R., Aytemiz, D., Takabayashi, C., Tamura, T., Enomoto, S., Sata, M., and Asakura, T., “Development of small-diameter vascular grafts based on silk fibroin fibers from Bombyx mori for vascular regeneration,” Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 22(1–3), pp. 195206, 2011.
[228]Gruchenberg, K., Ignatius, A., Friemert, B., von Lübken, F., Skaer, N., Gellynck, K., Kessler, O., and Dürselen, L., “In vivo performance of a novel silk fibroin scaffold for partial meniscal replacement in a sheep model,” Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 23(8), pp. 22182229, 2015.
[229]Wang, Y., Kim, U.-J., Blasioli, D. J., Kim, H.-J., and Kaplan, D. L., “In vitro cartilage tissue engineering with 3D porous aqueous-derived silk scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells,” Biomaterials, 26(34), pp. 70827094, 2005.
[230]Altman, G. H., Diaz, F., Jakuba, C., Calabro, T., Horan, R. L., Chen, J., Lu, H., Richmond, J., and Kaplan, D. L., “Silk-based biomaterials,” Biomaterials, 24(3), pp. 401416, 2003.
[231]Mannoor, M. S., Tao, H., Clayton, J. D., Sengupta, A., Kaplan, D. L., Naik, R. R., Verma, N., Omenetto, F. G., and McAlpine, M. C., “Graphene-based wireless bacteria detection on tooth enamel,” Nature Communications, 3, p. 763, 2012.
[232]Omenetto, F. G. and Kaplan, D. L., “A new route for silk,” Nature Photonics, 2(11), pp. 641643, 2008.
[233]Parker, S. T., Domachuk, P., Amsden, J., Bressner, J., Lewis, J. A., Kaplan, D. L., and Omenetto, F. G., “Biocompatible silk printed optical waveguides,” Advanced Materials, 21(23), pp. 24112415, 2009.
[234]Tao, H., Amsden, J. J., Strikwerda, A. C., Fan, K., Kaplan, D. L., Zhang, X., Averitt, R. D., and Omenetto, F. G., “Metamaterial silk composites at terahertz frequencies,” Advanced Materials, 22(32), pp. 35273531, 2010.
[235]Digenis, G. A., Gold, T. B., and Shah, V. P., “Cross-linking of gelatin capsules and its relevance to their in vitro–in vivo performance,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 83(7), pp. 915921, 1994.
[236]Casey, D. L., Beihn, R. M., Digenis, G. A., and Shambhu, M. B., “Method for monitoring hard gelatin capsule disintegration times in humans using external scintigraphy,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 65(9), pp. 14121413, 1976.
[237]Djagny, K. B., Wang, Z., and Xu, S., “Gelatin: a valuable protein for food and pharmaceutical industries: review,” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 41(6), pp. 481492, 2001.
[238]Botzolakis, J. E. and Augsburger, L. L., “Disintegrating agents in hard gelatin capsules. Part II: Swelling efficiency,” Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 14(9), pp. 12351248, 1988.
[239]Lou, X. and Chirila, T. V., “Swelling behavior and mechanical properties of chemically cross-linked gelatin gels for biomedical use,” Journal of Biomaterials Applications, 14(2), pp. 184191, 1999.
[240]Lee, K. Y., Shim, J., and Lee, H. G., “Mechanical properties of gellan and gelatin composite films,” Carbohydrate Polymers, 56(2), pp. 251254, 2004.
[241]Hom, F., Veresh, S., and Miskel, J., “Soft gelatin capsules I: Factors affecting capsule shell dissolution rate,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 62(6), pp. 10011006, 1973.
[242]Negrete-Abascal, E., Tenorio, V. R., Serrano, J. J., Garcia, C., and de la Garza, M., “Secreted proteases from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 degrade porcine gelatin, hemoglobin and immunoglobulin A,” Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 58(2), p. 83, 1994.
[243]Tabata, Y. and Ikada, Y., “Protein release from gelatin matrices,” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 31(3), pp. 287301, 1998.
[244]Irimia-Vladu, M., Troshin, P. A., Reisinger, M., Schwabegger, G., Ullah, M., Schwoediauer, R., Mumyatov, A., Bodea, M., Fergus, J. W., and Razumov, V. F., “Environmentally sustainable organic field effect transistors,” Organic Electronics, 11(12), pp. 19741990, 2010.
[245]Uhlig, C., Rapp, M., Hartmann, B., Hierlemann, H., Planck, H., and Dittel, K.-K., “Suprathel® – An innovative, resorbable skin substitute for the treatment of burn victims,” Burns, 33(2), pp. 221229, 2007.
[246]Zahedi, P., Rezaeian, I., Ranaei-Siadat, S.-O., Jafari, S.-H., and Supaphol, P., “A review on wound dressings with an emphasis on electrospun nanofibrous polymeric bandages,” Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 21(2), pp. 7795, 2010.
[247]Allen, R. A., Wu, W., Yao, M., Dutta, D., Duan, X., Bachman, T. N., Champion, H. C., Stolz, D. B., Robertson, A. M., and Kim, K., “Nerve regeneration and elastin formation within poly (glycerol sebacate)-based synthetic arterial grafts one-year post-implantation in a rat model,” Biomaterials, 35(1), pp. 165173, 2014.
[248]Yang, J., Motlagh, D., Allen, J. B., Webb, A. R., Kibbe, M. R., Aalami, O., Kapadia, M., Carroll, T. J., and Ameer, G. A., “Modulating expanded polytetrafluoroethylene vascular graft host response via citric acid‐based biodegradable elastomers,” Advanced Materials, 18(12), pp. 14931498, 2006.
[249]Rai, R., Tallawi, M., Grigore, A., and Boccaccini, A. R., “Synthesis, properties and biomedical applications of poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS): A review,” Progress in Polymer Science, 37(8), pp. 10511078, 2012.
[250]Kang, Y., Yang, J., Khan, S., Anissian, L., and Ameer, G. A., “A new biodegradable polyester elastomer for cartilage tissue engineering,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 77A(2), pp. 331339, 2006.
[251]Rai, R., Tallawi, M., Barbani, N., Frati, C., Madeddu, D., Cavalli, S., Graiani, G., Quaini, F., Roether, J. A., and Schubert, D. W., “Biomimetic poly (glycerol sebacate)(PGS) membranes for cardiac patch application,” Materials Science and Engineering: C, 33(7), pp. 36773687, 2013.
[252]Prabhakaran, M. P., Nair, A. S., Kai, D., and Ramakrishna, S., “Electrospun composite scaffolds containing poly (octanediol‐co‐citrate) for cardiac tissue engineering,” Biopolymers, 97(7), pp. 529538, 2012.
[253]Crapo, P. M., Gao, J., and Wang, Y., “Seamless tubular poly (glycerol sebacate) scaffolds: High‐yield fabrication and potential applications,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 86(2), pp. 354363, 2008.
[254]Lee, K.-W., Stolz, D. B., and Wang, Y., “Substantial expression of mature elastin in arterial constructs,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), pp. 27052710, 2011.
[255]Chia, S.-L., Gorna, K., Gogolewski, S., and Alini, M., “Biodegradable elastomeric polyurethane membranes as chondrocyte carriers for cartilage repair,” Tissue Engineering, 12(7), pp. 19451953, 2006.
[256]Grad, S., Kupcsik, L., Gorna, K., Gogolewski, S., and Alini, M., “The use of biodegradable polyurethane scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering: potential and limitations,” Biomaterials, 24(28), pp. 51635171, 2003.
[257]Borkenhagen, M., Stoll, R., Neuenschwander, P., Suter, U., and Aebischer, P., “In vivo performance of a new biodegradable polyester urethane system used as a nerve guidance channel,” Biomaterials, 19(23), pp. 21552165, 1998.
[258]Amsden, B., “Curable, biodegradable elastomers: emerging biomaterials for drug delivery and tissue engineering,” Soft Matter, 3(11), pp. 13351348, 2007.
[259]Gorna, K. and Gogolewski, S., “Biodegradable porous polyurethane scaffolds for tissue repair and regeneration,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 79A(1), pp. 128138, 2006.
[260]Kanyanta, V. and Ivankovic, A., “Mechanical characterisation of polyurethane elastomer for biomedical applications,” Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 3(1), pp. 5162, 2010.
[261]Bat, E., Kothman, B. H. M., Higuera, G. A., van Blitterswijk, C. A., Feijen, J., and Grijpma, D. W., “Ultraviolet light crosslinking of poly(trimethylene carbonate) for elastomeric tissue engineering scaffolds,” Biomaterials, 31(33), pp. 86968705, 2010.
[262]Dargaville, B. L., Vaquette, C. d., Peng, H., Rasoul, F., Chau, Y. Q., Cooper-White, J. J., Campbell, J. H., and Whittaker, A. K., “Cross-linked poly (trimethylene carbonate-co-L-lactide) as a biodegradable, elastomeric scaffold for vascular engineering applications,” Biomacromolecules, 12(11), pp. 38563869, 2011.
[263]Bettinger, C. J., Orrick, B., Misra, A., Langer, R., and Borenstein, J. T., “Microfabrication of poly (glycerol–sebacate) for contact guidance applications,” Biomaterials, 27(12), pp. 25582565, 2006.
[264]Martin, D. P. and Williams, S. F., “Medical applications of poly-4-hydroxybutyrate: a strong flexible absorbable biomaterial,” Biochemical Engineering Journal, 16(2), pp. 97105, 2003.
[265]Williams, S. F., Rizk, S., and Martin, D. P., “Poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB): a new generation of resorbable medical devices for tissue repair and regeneration,” Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering, 58(5), pp. 114, 2013.
[266]Yang, J., Webb, A. R., Pickerill, S. J., Hageman, G., and Ameer, G. A., “Synthesis and evaluation of poly (diol citrate) biodegradable elastomers,” Biomaterials, 27(9), pp. 18891898, 2006.
[267]Patel, A., Gaharwar, A. K., Iviglia, G., Zhang, H., Mukundan, S., Mihaila, S. M., Demarchi, D., and Khademhosseini, A., “Highly elastomeric poly(glycerol sebacate)-co-poly(ethylene glycol) amphiphilic block copolymers,” Biomaterials, 34(16), pp. 39703983, 2013.
[268]Serrano, M. C., Chung, E. J., and Ameer, G., “Advances and applications of biodegradable elastomers in regenerative medicine,” Advanced Functional Materials, 20(2), pp. 192208, 2010.
[269]Wang, Y., Ameer, G. A., Sheppard, B. J., and Langer, R., “A tough biodegradable elastomer,” Nat Biotech, 20(6), pp. 602606, 2002.
[270]Sant, S., Hwang, C. M., Lee, S.-H., and Khademhosseini, A., “Hybrid PGS–PCL microfibrous scaffolds with improved mechanical and biological properties,” Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 5(4), pp. 283291, 2011.
[271]Liang, S.-L., Yang, X.-Y., Fang, X.-Y., Cook, W. D., Thouas, G. A., and Chen, Q.-Z., “In vitro enzymatic degradation of poly (glycerol sebacate)-based materials,” Biomaterials, 32(33), pp. 84868496, 2011.
[272]Boutry, C. M., Nguyen, A., Lawal, Q. O., Chortos, A., and Bao, Z., “Fully biodegradable pressure sensor, viscoelastic behavior of PGS dielectric elastomer upon degradation,” in SENSORS, 2015 IEEE, 2015, pp. 14.
[273]Yang, J., Webb, A. R., and Ameer, G. A., “Novel citric acid-based biodegradable elastomers for tissue engineering,” Advanced Materials, 16(6), pp. 511516, 2004.
[274]Yang, J., Webb, A. R., Pickerill, S. J., Hageman, G., and Ameer, G. A., “Synthesis and evaluation of poly(diol citrate) biodegradable elastomers,” Biomaterials, 27(9), pp. 18891898, 2006.
[275]Hwang, S.-W., Lee, C. H., Cheng, H., Jeong, J.-W., Kang, S.-K., Kim, J.-H., Shin, J., Yang, J., Liu, Z., Ameer, G. A., Huang, Y., and Rogers, J. A., “Biodegradable elastomers and silicon nanomembranes/nanoribbons for stretchable, transient electronics, and biosensors,” Nano Letters, 15(5), pp. 28012808, 2015.
[276]Reed, R. B., Ladner, D. A., Higgins, C. P., Westerhoff, P., and Ranville, J. F., “Solubility of nano-zinc oxide in environmentally and biologically important matrices,” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 31(1), pp. 9399, 2012.
[277]Xia, T., Kovochich, M., Liong, M., Mädler, L., Gilbert, B., Shi, H., Yeh, J. I., Zink, J. I., and Nel, A. E., “Comparison of the mechanism of toxicity of zinc oxide and cerium oxide nanoparticles based on dissolution and oxidative stress properties,” ACS Nano, 2(10), pp. 21212134, 2008.
[278]Raghupathi, K. R., Koodali, R. T., and Manna, A. C., “Size-dependent bacterial growth inhibition and mechanism of antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles,” Langmuir, 27(7), pp. 40204028, 2011.
[279]Janotti, A. and Van de Walle, C. G., “Fundamentals of zinc oxide as a semiconductor,” Reports on Progress in Physics, 72(12), p. 126501, 2009.
[280]Roy, S. and Basu, S., “Improved zinc oxide film for gas sensor applications,” Bulletin of Materials Science, 25(6), pp. 513515, 2002.
[281]Wang, Z. L. and Song, J., “Piezoelectric nanogenerators based on zinc oxide nanowire arrays,” Science, 312(5771), pp. 242246, 2006.
[282]Mejias, J. A., Berry, A. J., Refson, K., and Fraser, D. G., “The kinetics and mechanism of MgO dissolution,” Chemical Physics Letters, 314(5–6), pp. 558563, 1999.
[283]Fedoročková, A. and Raschman, P., “Effects of pH and acid anions on the dissolution kinetics of MgO,” Chemical Engineering Journal, 143(1–3), pp. 265272, 2008.
[284]Fontanella, J., Andeen, C., and Schuele, D., “Low‐frequency dielectric constants of α‐quartz, sapphire, MgF2, and MgO,” Journal of Applied Physics, 45(7), pp. 28522854, 1974.
[285]Yan, L., Lopez, C. M., Shrestha, R. P., Irene, E. A., Suvorova, A. A., and Saunders, M., “Magnesium oxide as a candidate high-κ gate dielectric,” Applied Physics Letters, 88(14), p. 142901, 2006.
[286]Posadas, A., Walker, F. J., Ahn, C. H., Goodrich, T. L., Cai, Z., and Ziemer, K. S., “Epitaxial MgO as an alternative gate dielectric for SiC transistor applications,” Applied Physics Letters, 92(23), p. 233511, 2008.
[287]Irokawa, Y., Nakano, Y., Ishiko, M., Kachi, T., Kim, J., Ren, F., Gila, B. P., Onstine, A. H., Abernathy, C. R., Pearton, S. J., Pan, C.-C., Chen, G.-T., and Chyi, J.-I., “MgO/p-GaN enhancement mode metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors,” Applied Physics Letters, 84(15), pp. 29192921, 2004.
[288]Jagannathan, H., Narayanan, V., and Brown, S., “Engineering high dielectric constant materials for band-edge CMOS applications,” ECS Transactions, 16(5), pp. 1926, 2008.
[289]Villota, R., Hawkes, J. G., and Cochrane, H., “Food applications and the toxicological and nutritional implications of amorphous silicon dioxide,” C R C Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 23(4), pp. 289321, 1986.
[290]Shahram, M. G., Benjamin, W. T., Ronald, E. U., Carina, O., Thomas, K., Mike, B., Ralph, M., and Kirkpatrick, C. J., “Collagen-embedded hydroxylapatite–beta-tricalcium phosphate–silicon dioxide bone substitute granules assist rapid vascularization and promote cell growth,” Biomedical Materials, 5(2), p. 025004, 2010.
[291]Giannoudis, P. V., Dinopoulos, H., and Tsiridis, E., “Bone substitutes: An update,” Injury, 36(3, Supplement), pp. S20S27, 2005.
[292]Li, G., Feng, S., and Zhou, D., “Magnetic bioactive glass ceramic in the system CaO–P2O5–SiO2–MgO–CaF2–MnO2–Fe2O3 for hyperthermia treatment of bone tumor,” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 22(10), pp. 21972206, 2011.
[293]Wang, T. W., Wu, H. C., Wang, W. R., Lin, F. H., Lou, P. J., Shieh, M. J., and Young, T. H., “The development of magnetic degradable DP‐bioglass for hyperthermia cancer therapy,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 83(3), pp. 828837, 2007.
[294]Martin, F. J., Melnik, K., West, T., Shapiro, J., Cohen, M., Boiarski, A. A., and Ferrari, M., “Acute toxicity of intravenously administered microfabricated silicon dioxide drug delivery particles in mice,” Drugs in R & D, 6(2), pp. 7181, 2005.
[295]Li, Y., Liu, Y.-Z., Long, T., Yu, X.-B., Tang, T. T., Dai, K.-R., Tian, B., Guo, Y.-P., and Zhu, Z.-A., “Mesoporous bioactive glass as a drug delivery system: fabrication, bactericidal properties and biocompatibility,” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 24(8), pp. 19511961, 2013.
[296]Anglin, E. J., Cheng, L., Freeman, W. R., and Sailor, M. J., “Porous silicon in drug delivery devices and materials,” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 60(11), pp. 12661277, 2008.
[297]Birchall, J. D. and Chappell, J. S., “The chemistry of aluminum and silicon in relation to Alzheimer’s disease,” Clin Chem, 34(2), pp. 265267, 1988.
[298]Finnie, K. S., Waller, D. J., Perret, F. L., Krause-Heuer, A. M., Lin, H. Q., Hanna, J. V., and Barbé, C. J., “Biodegradability of sol–gel silica microparticles for drug delivery,” Journal of Sol–Gel Science and Technology, 49(1), pp. 1218, 2009.
[299]Kang, S. K., Hwang, S. W., Cheng, H., Yu, S., Kim, B. H., Kim, J. H., Huang, Y., and Rogers, J. A., “Dissolution behaviors and applications of silicon oxides and nitrides in transient electronics,” Advanced Functional Materials, 24(28), pp. 44274434, 2014.
[300]Bal, B. S. and Rahaman, M. N., “Orthopedic applications of silicon nitride ceramics,” Acta Biomaterialia, 8(8), pp. 28892898, 2012.
[301]Olofsson, J., Grehk, T. M., Berlind, T., Persson, C., Jacobson, S., and Engqvist, H., “Evaluation of silicon nitride as a wear resistant and resorbable alternative for total hip joint replacement,” Biomatter, 2(2), pp. 94102, 2012.
[302]Guedes e Silva, C. C., König, B. Jr, Carbonari, M. J., Yoshimoto, M., Allegrini, S. Jr, and Bressiani, J. C., “Bone growth around silicon nitride implants – An evaluation by scanning electron microscopy,” Materials Characterization, 59(9), pp. 1339–1341, 2008.
[303]Guedes e Silva, C. C., Higa, O. Z., and Bressiani, J. C., “Cytotoxic evaluation of silicon nitride-based ceramics,” Materials Science and Engineering: C, 24(5), pp.643646, 2004.
[304]Yee Chia, Y., Qiang, L., Wen Chin, L., Tsu-Jae, K., Chenming, H., Xiewen, W., Xin, G., and Ma, T. P., “Direct tunneling gate leakage current in transistors with ultrathin silicon nitride gate dielectric,” IEEE Electron Device Letters, 21(11), pp. 540542, 2000.
[305]Li, F. M., Nathan, A., Wu, Y., and Ong, B. S., “Organic thin-film transistor integration using silicon nitride gate dielectric,” Applied Physics Letters, 90(13), p. 133514, 2007.
[306]She, M., Takeuchi, H., and King, T.-J., “Silicon-nitride as a tunnel dielectric for improved SONOS-type flash memory,” IEEE Electron Device Letters, 24(5), pp. 309311, 2003.
[307]Aozasa, H., Fujiwara, I., and Komatsu, Y., “Analysis of carrier traps in Si3N4 in oxide/nitride/oxide for metal/oxide/nitride/oxide/silicon nonvolatile memory,” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 38(3R), p. 1441, 1999.
[308]Whitehead, M. A., Fan, D., Mukherjee, P., Akkaraju, G. R., Canham, L. T., and Coffer, J. L., “High-Porosity poly(ε-caprolactone)/mesoporous silicon scaffolds: calcium phosphate deposition and biological response to bone precursor cells,” Tissue Engineering Part A, 14(1), pp. 195206, 2008.
[309]Liang, D., Wang, J., and Wang, Y., “Difference in dissolution between germanium and zinc during the oxidative pressure leaching of sphalerite,” Hydrometallurgy, 95(1–2), pp. 57, 2009.
[310]Harvey, W. W. and Gatos, H. C., “The reaction of germanium with aqueous solutions: I. Dissolution kinetics in water containing dissolved oxygen,” Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 105(11), pp. 654660, 1958.
[311]Kang, S.-K., Park, G., Kim, K., Hwang, S.-W., Cheng, H., Shin, J., Chung, S., Kim, M., Yin, L., Lee, J. C., Lee, K.-M., and Rogers, J. A., “Dissolution chemistry and biocompatibility of silicon- and germanium-based semiconductors for transient electronics,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 7(17), pp. 92979305, 2015.
[312]Versieck, J. and McCall, J. T., “Trace elements in human body fluids and tissues,” CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 22(2), pp. 97184, 1985.
[313]Pennington, J. A., “Silicon in foods and diets,” Food Addit Contam, 8(1), pp. 97118, 1991.
[314]Taylor, G. A., Newens, A. J., Edwardson, J. A., Kay, D. W., and Forster, D. P., “Alzheimer’s disease and the relationship between silicon and aluminium in water supplies in northern England,” J Epidemiol Community Health, 49(3), pp. 323324, 1995.
[315]Jugdaohsingh, R., Anderson, S. H., Tucker, K. L., Elliott, H., Kiel, D. P., Thompson, R. P., and Powell, J. J., “Dietary silicon intake and absorption,” Am J Clin Nutr, 75(5), pp. 887893, 2002.
[316]Chen, F., Cole, P., Wen, L., Mi, Z., and Trapido, E. J., “Estimates of trace element intakes in Chinese farmers,” J Nutr, 124(2), pp. 196201, 1994.
[317]Anasuya, A., Bapurao, S., and Paranjape, P. K., “Fluoride and silicon intake in normal and endemic fluorotic areas,” J Trace Elem Med Biol, 10(3), pp. 149155, 1996.
[318]Hwang, S.-W., Park, G., Edwards, C., Corbin, E. A., Kang, S.-K., Cheng, H., Song, J.-K., Kim, J.-H., Yu, S., Ng, J., Lee, J. E., Kim, J., Yee, C., Bhaduri, B., Su, Y., Omennetto, F. G., Huang, Y., Bashir, R., Goddard, L., Popescu, G., Lee, K.-M., and Rogers, J. A., “Dissolution chemistry and biocompatibility of single-crystalline silicon nanomembranes and associated materials for transient electronics,” ACS Nano, 8(6), pp. 58435851, 2014.
[319]Yin, L., Farimani, A. B., Min, K., Vishal, N., Lam, J., Lee, Y. K., Aluru, N. R., and Rogers, J. A., “Mechanisms for hydrolysis of silicon nanomembranes as used in bioresorbable electronics,” Advanced Materials, 27(11), pp. 18571864, 2015.
[320]Rosenberg, B., “The effect of oxygen adsorption on photo‐and semiconduction of β‐carotene,” The Journal of Chemical Physics, 34(3), pp. 812819, 1961.
[321]Chen, S.-Y., Lu, Y.-Y., Shih, F.-Y., Ho, P.-H., Chen, Y.-F., Chen, C.-W., Chen, Y.-T., and Wang, W.-H., “Biologically inspired graphene–chlorophyll phototransistors with high gain,” Carbon, 63, pp. 2329, 2013.
[322]Chamberlain, G., “Organic solar cells: a review,” Solar Cells, 8(1), pp. 4783, 1983.
[323]Irimia-Vladu, M., Troshin, P. A., Reisinger, M., Shmygleva, L., Kanbur, Y., Schwabegger, G., Bodea, M., Schwödiauer, R., Mumyatov, A., Fergus, J. W., Razumov, V. F., Sitter, H., Sariciftci, N. S., and Bauer, S., “Biocompatible and biodegradable materials for organic field-effect transistors,” Advanced Functional Materials, 20(23), pp. 40694076, 2010.
[324]Ling, M. M., Erk, P., Gomez, M., Koenemann, M., Locklin, J., and Bao, Z., “Air‐stable n‐channel organic semiconductors based on perylene diimide derivatives without strong electron withdrawing groups,” Advanced Materials, 19(8), pp. 11231127, 2007.
[325]Gregg, B. A. and Cormier, R. A., “Doping molecular semiconductors: n-Type doping of a liquid crystal perylene diimide,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, 123(32), pp. 79597960, 2001.
[326]Irimia-Vladu, M., Głowacki, E. D., Troshin, P. A., Schwabegger, G., Leonat, L., Susarova, D. K., Krystal, O., Ullah, M., Kanbur, Y., Bodea, M. A., Razumov, V. F., Sitter, H., Bauer, S., and Sariciftci, N. S., “Indigo – a natural pigment for high performance ambipolar organic field effect transistors and circuits,” Advanced Materials, 24(3), pp. 375380, 2012.
[327]Mühl, S. and Beyer, B., “Bio-organic electronics – overview and prospects for the future,” Electronics, 3(3), pp. 444461, 2014.
[328]Pan, X., Yao, P., and Jiang, M., “Simultaneous nanoparticle formation and encapsulation driven by hydrophobic interaction of casein-graft-dextran and β-carotene,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 315(2), pp. 456463, 2007.
[329]Bond, A. M., Marken, F., Hill, E., Compton, R. G., and Hügel, H., “The electrochemical reduction of indigo dissolved in organic solvents and as a solid mechanically attached to a basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrode immersed in aqueous electrolyte solution,” Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions, 2, (9), pp. 17351742, 1997.
[330]Ferruzzi, M. G. and Blakeslee, J., “Digestion, absorption, and cancer preventative activity of dietary chlorophyll derivatives,” Nutrition Research, 27(1), pp. 112, 2007.
[331]Newman, C. R., Frisbie, C. D., da Silva Filho, D. A., Brédas, J.-L., Ewbank, P. C., and Mann, K. R., “Introduction to organic thin film transistors and design of n-channel organic semiconductors,” Chemistry of Materials, 16(23), pp. 44364451, 2004.
[332]Mahajan, B. K., Yu, X., Shou, W., Pan, H., and Huang, X., “Mechanically milled irregular zinc nanoparticles for printable bioresorbable electronics,” Small, 13(17), p. 1700065, 2017.
[333]Shou, W., Mahajan, B. K., Ludwig, B., Yu, X., Staggs, J., Huang, X., and Pan, H., “Low‐cost manufacturing of bioresorbable conductors by evaporation–condensation‐mediated laser printing and sintering of Zn nanoparticles,” Advanced Materials, 2017.
[334]Kim, Y. J., Chun, S.-E., Whitacre, J., and Bettinger, C. J., “Self-deployable current sources fabricated from edible materials,” Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 1(31), pp. 37813788, 2013.
[335]Jia, X., Yang, Y., Wang, C., Zhao, C., Vijayaraghavan, R., MacFarlane, D. R., Forsyth, M., and Wallace, G. G., “Biocompatible ionic liquid–biopolymer electrolyte-enabled thin and compact magnesium–air batteries,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 6(23), pp. 2111021117, 2014.
[336]Tsang, M., Armutlulu, A., Martinez, A. W., Allen, S. A. B., and Allen, M. G., “Biodegradable magnesium/iron batteries with polycaprolactone encapsulation: A microfabricated power source for transient implantable devices,” Microsystems & Nanoengineering, 1, p. 15024, 2015.
[337]Pal, R. K., Farghaly, A. A., Wang, C., Collinson, M. M., Kundu, S. C., and Yadavalli, V. K., “Conducting polymer–silk biocomposites for flexible and biodegradable electrochemical sensors,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 81, pp. 294302, 2016.
[338]Luo, M., Martinez, A. W., Song, C., Herrault, F., and Allen, M. G., “A microfabricated wireless RF pressure sensor made completely of biodegradable materials,” Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 23(1), pp. 413, 2014.
[339]Tao, H., Brenckle, M. A., Yang, M., Zhang, J., Liu, M., Siebert, S. M., Averitt, R. D., Mannoor, M. S., McAlpine, M. C., Rogers, J. A., Kaplan, D. L., and Omenetto, F. G., “Silk-based conformal, adhesive, edible food sensors,” Advanced Materials, 24(8), pp. 10671072, 2012.
[340]Hwang, S.-W, Kim, D.-H, Tao, H., Kim, T.-i, Kim, S., Yu, K. J., Panilaitis, B., Jeong, J.-W, Song, J.-K, Omenetto, F. G., and Rogers, J. A., “Materials and fabrication processes for transient and bioresorbable high-performance electronics,” Advanced Functional Materials, 23(33), pp. 4087–4093, 2013.
[341]Kang, S.-K., Hwang, S.-W., Yu, S., Seo, J.-H., Corbin, E. A., Shin, J., Wie, D. S., Bashir, R., Ma, Z., and Rogers, J. A., “Biodegradable thin metal foils and spin-on glass materials for transient electronics,” Advanced Functional Materials, 25(12), pp. 17891797, 2015.
[342]Guo, J., Liu, J., Yang, B., Zhan, G., Tang, L., Tian, H., Kang, X., Peng, H., Chen, X., and Yang, C., “biodegradable junctionless transistors with extremely simple structure,” IEEE Electron Device Letters, 36(9), pp. 908910, 2015.
[343]Capelli, R., Amsden, J. J., Generali, G., Toffanin, S., Benfenati, V., Muccini, M., Kaplan, D. L., Omenetto, F. G., and Zamboni, R., “Integration of silk protein in organic and light-emitting transistors,” Organic Electronics, 12(7), pp. 11461151, 2011.
[344]Irimia-Vladu, M., Sariciftci, N. S., and Bauer, S., “Exotic materials for bio-organic electronics,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21(5), pp. 13501361, 2011.
[345]Sirringhaus, H., Kawase, T., Friend, R. H., Shimoda, T., Inbasekaran, M., Wu, W., and Woo, E. P., “High-resolution inkjet printing of all-polymer transistor circuits,” Science, 290(5499), pp. 21232126, 2000.
[346]de Gans, B. J., Duineveld, P. C., and Schubert, U. S., “Inkjet printing of polymers: state of the art and future developments,” Advanced Materials, 16(3), pp. 203213, 2004.
[347]Tekin, E., Smith, P. J., and Schubert, U. S., “Inkjet printing as a deposition and patterning tool for polymers and inorganic particles,” Soft Matter, 4(4), pp. 703713, 2008.
[348]Seung, H. K., Heng, P., Costas, P. G., Christine, K. L., Jean, M. J. F., and Dimos, P., “All-inkjet-printed flexible electronics fabrication on a polymer substrate by low-temperature high-resolution selective laser sintering of metal nanoparticles,” Nanotechnology, 18(34), p. 345202, 2007.
[349]Rill, M. S., Plet, C., Thiel, M., Staude, I., von Freymann, G., Linden, S., and Wegener, M., “Photonic metamaterials by direct laser writing and silver chemical vapour deposition,” Nat Mater, 7(7), pp. 543546, 2008.
[350]Kuznetsov, A. I., Evlyukhin, A. B., Gonçalves, M. R., Reinhardt, C., Koroleva, A., Arnedillo, M. L., Kiyan, R., Marti, O., and Chichkov, B. N., “Laser fabrication of large-scale nanoparticle arrays for sensing applications,” ACS Nano, 5(6), pp. 48434849, 2011.
[351]Galagan, Y., Coenen, E. W. C., Abbel, R., van Lammeren, T. J., Sabik, S., Barink, M., Meinders, E. R., Andriessen, R., and Blom, P. W. M., “Photonic sintering of inkjet printed current collecting grids for organic solar cell applications,” Organic Electronics, 14(1), pp. 3846, 2013.
[352]Hosel, M. and Krebs, F. C., “Large-scale roll-to-roll photonic sintering of flexo printed silver nanoparticle electrodes,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22(31), pp. 1568315688, 2012.
[353]Han, W.-S., Hong, J.-M., Kim, H.-S., and Song, Y.-W., “Multi-pulsed white light sintering of printed Cu nanoinks,” Nanotechnology, 22(39), p. 395705, 2011.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.